Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: g̑ep(h)-, g̑ebh- 'jaw, jowl, mouth; to eat'
Semantic Field(s): Jaw, Mouth, to Eat
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | gop | n | beak, mouth | RPN |
| Irish: | gob | n | beak, mouth | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ce(a)f | n.neut | chaff | ASD/W7 |
| cēafl | n | jowl | RPN | |
| ceafor, ceafer | n.masc | chafer | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | chaf | n | chaff | W7 |
| chavel | n | jowl | W7 | |
| cheaffer | n | chafer | W7 | |
| English: | chafer | n | large beetle (esp. Scarabaeidae) | AHD/W7 |
| chaff | n | debris/coverings separated from seed by threshing | AHD/W7 | |
| cockchafer | n | beetle (esp. Melolontha) destructive to plants | AHD | |
| jowl | n | jaw, cheek, mandible | ||
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | kaf | n.neut | chaff | ASD |
| kever | n.masc | chafer | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | kever | n.masc | chafer | ASD |
| Old High German: | cheva | n | husk | W7 |
| këvar(o) | n.masc | chafer | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | kaf | n.neut | chaff | ASD |
| këvere | n.masc | chafer | ASD | |
| kivel | n | jowl | W7 | |
| New High German: | Kebe | n | fish-gill | RPN |
| German: | Käfer | n.masc | chafer | ASD |
| kaff | n.neut | chaff | ASD | |
| Kiefer | n.masc | jaw, jawbone | RPN | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | kjaptr | n | jaw | RPN |
| kjöptr | n | jaw | RPN | |
| Danish: | kaebe | n | jaw | TLL |
| Swedish: | käft | n | jaw | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | žė́biu, žė́beti | vb | to munch, eat slowly | RPN |
| Slavic | ||||
| Czech: | žábra | n | fish-gill | RPN |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | zafarə, zafan- | n | mouth (of evil beings) | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
