Directions for Historical Linguistics: A Symposium
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Appendix A: INDEX
- ablaut, Indo-European: 69-71
- actuation (problem): 102, 112, 137, 186-187
- age-and-area hypothesis: 29-30
- analogy: for Saussure, 11; for Kuryłowicz, 15; for Malkiel, 16; a spark of sound change, 62-63; as an ad hoc explanation, 139-140
- arbitrariness of the linguistic sign: 19, 32
- archaic/innovating oppositions: 156; coexistence of, 160
- auxiliation: 92-94
- avalanche mechanism, in change: 112-113
- bilingualism within its social context: 158-159
- Bloomfieldian descriptive linguistics: 122-125
- Brugmann: 77-78, 115-116
- categories: 85
- causation in sound change, multiple vs. simple: 27
- chain: 14
- change of language: for Saussure, 11; definition today, 14; for Malkiel, 16, 25-33; theory of, 99-100, 103, 126, 174-175; empirical principles for, 102-103, 183-187; spontaneous, 107-108; adaptation, 107-108; causes of, 110-112, 114, 121-122, 127; regularity of, 115-117, 187; explanation of, 123-124, 177, 180-181, 184, 186-187; constraints on, 126, 183; through borrowing, 129-131; coexistence of archaic and innovating forms, 149-150; general principles for, 187-188
- change of sound: 30-31, 111, 117
- chess, in comparison by Saussure: 13, 15, 128
- clarity as a force in change: 31
- code-switching: 164-165
- coexistent systems: 159-165
- competence: 99, 101
- conformity of speakers in change: 112-114
- constraints (problem): 101-102, 183-184
- contact, languages and dialects in: 155-165
- covariation: 169
- custom, language: 106-108; change in, 107-108
- determinants of sound change, primary vs. secondary: 27-28
- détresse morphologique: 50
- détresse phonologique: 33-34
- diachronic linguistics, for Saussure: 120-122
- diachronic phonemics: 123
- dialects, in change: 121-122, 184
- diasystem, language as a: 162-163
- diglossia: 134
- distinctive features: phonological, 17, 19, 127; of meaning, 18-19; and phonological change, 141-143, 148-150
- dominance: 71, 73, 78
- drift: 140-141, 187
- economy, principle of, in change: 24-25
- embedding (problem): 101-102, 153, 158, 171-181, 185-186
- espaces de temps: 7-9
- etymology: for Szemerényi, 12
- evaluation (problem): 101-102, 132, 165, 186
- fluidity of usage: 25
- founded forms: 74
- frequency of use: 26
- functional yield, used in explaining sound change: 133-134; inadequacy as formulated, 137
- generations, in language change: 114
- generative phonology and the economy of grammars: 143-144
- Gothic gen. pl. ē: 18
- grammar, psychologically internalized: 105
- Halle, application of generative phonology to historical explanation: 143-150
- heterogeneity in language: 100-101
- homogeneity, of speech community: for the Neogrammarians, 99, 125; for Chomsky, 125
- hypercorrection, as mechanism in transmission of patterns: 181
- idiolect: 106-108, 124; change in, 107-109; importance of, for Paul, 107-109, 119; use by Bloch, 160
- innovation: 118, 122; opposition to archaic patterns, 156
- irregularity, causes of: 26
- isogloss bundles: coincidence with political boundaries, 153-154; result of linguistic incompatibility, 154; location predictable on linguistic grounds, 154; unaccountable, 154-155
- language: change of, 11, 14, 103; as a state, 13; in operation, 13, 15; custom, 106-108; learning, important in change, 108-109; design, discreteness vs. continuity, 109-110; as a differentiated system, 150-183
- Latin Ĕ and Ŏ, diphthongization and subsequent monophthongization: 56-62
- Latin -RǴ-, -LǴ-, -NǴ-, development of: in Old Spanish, 33-39; in Old Italian, 39; in French, 40; in Provençal, 40, 43
- law: 14
- lenition: 72
- linguistic geography, findings of, used by historical linguistics: 151-155
- linguistics, diachronic: 5-7; for Saussure, 10-11; prospects of research, 23-33
- linguistics, synchronic: 5-6; for Saussure, 10-11, 120-121
- marked vs. unmarked: 67-68
- Martinet, on explanation of sound change: 133
- mechanism of sound changes: 47-49, 156-157
- merger, phonemic: 128
- morph: 67
- morpheme: 67, 80
- morphoneme: 67-81
- mutations of linguistic categories: 85-95; innovating, 85-86; conservative, 86
- neogrammarian heritage: 119-120
- nonprivative opposition: 68
- onomatopoeia: 31-32
- paradigm, as a stimulus to change: 27, 33-63
- Paul, Hermann: on theory of change, 98, 104-120, 121, 126, 128, 139-140, 155; on distinction between origin and propagation of change, 112-113, 129
- performance, variable: 110
- periphrasis: 86; of the Latin perfectum, 86-89; yielding futures, 89-92
- phonemics, diachronic, limits of: 55
- phonétique: for Saussure, 10
- phonological change, strong vs. weak: 29
- phonological space: 149
- Port-Royal, grammar of: 11
- privative opposition: 67-68
- processes of language: 16
- productive patterns, conflicting: 138-140
- proportions, linguistic: 74-76
- provincialism (clocher) in change: 122
- purposefulness of change: 30
- rection: 71
- regularity, specious: 26; of sound change, 32-33, 115-117
- reinterpretation of phonemes: 142
- replacement, subphonemic, of lingual by uvular r: 131
- resistance, paradigmatic, to sound change: 26-27
- rule, phonetic: 116; simplistic exercises with, 144
- sandhi, Old Irish: 72
- Saussure, Ferdinand de: on synchonic vs. diachronic linguistics, 5-20, 78, 98, 120-122, 128
- Saussure's law: 73
- sensitivity to subphonemic variants of /θ ð/: 131; to raising the vowels of off, lost, 131
- sentence, basic unit of language: 16
- significant, for Saussure: 9, 12
- sociolinguistic studies, contributions for understanding sound change: 132, 161-162, 176-181, 187
- sound change, of Latin -RǴ-, -LǴ-, -NǴ-: 33-43; mechanism of, 47-49; morphological interference with, 49-50; accounting for, 49. SEE ALSO change
- Spanish, Old, development of Lat. -RǴ-, -LǴ-, -NǴ-: 33-42, 43-49, 52-55
- split, phonemic: 128
- Sprachgefühl, as a generative device: 105, 128
- stages of language: 6-9, 12; for Streitberg, 16. SEE ALSO espaces de temps
- Stammbaum: 152
- structural features, transmission of: 152-153
- structure-history antinomy: 98-99
- style switching: 160, 161, 164
- substratum influence: 49
- successive generations, as mechanism for change: 144-146
- switching between idiolects: 156
- symmetry of sound systems, explanations for: 142-143
- synchronic linguistics, for Saussure: 120-122
- syntagm: 86
- theory of language change: 99-100, 103, 126, 174-175; empirical foundations for, 102-103, 183-187
- trajectories: of rival forms, 25-26; of change, 114
- transition (problem): 101-102, 153, 170-171, 184-185
- trends, long-term, in change: 140-141
- union-vowels and consonants: 71-72
- universals, grammatical, formulation of: 138-139; as determinants in sound change, 138, 143
- variability, structural: 148, 169
- variable, linguistic: 167,169
- variable intensity of change: 32-33
- wave model of change: 152
- weak sound change: 16
- Weinreich, Uriel: 97-98
- Yiddish vowel changes: 135-137
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