Directions for Historical Linguistics: A Symposium

Appendix A: INDEX

• ablaut, Indo-European: 69-71
• actuation (problem): 102, 112, 137, 186-187
• age-and-area hypothesis: 29-30
• analogy: for Saussure, 11; for Kuryłowicz, 15; for Malkiel, 16; a spark of sound change, 62-63; as an ad hoc explanation, 139-140
• arbitrariness of the linguistic sign: 19, 32
• archaic/innovating oppositions: 156; coexistence of, 160
• auxiliation: 92-94
• avalanche mechanism, in change: 112-113
• bilingualism within its social context: 158-159
• Bloomfieldian descriptive linguistics: 122-125
• Brugmann: 77-78, 115-116
• categories: 85
• causation in sound change, multiple vs. simple: 27
• chain: 14
• change of language: for Saussure, 11; definition today, 14; for Malkiel, 16, 25-33; theory of, 99-100, 103, 126, 174-175; empirical principles for, 102-103, 183-187; spontaneous, 107-108; adaptation, 107-108; causes of, 110-112, 114, 121-122, 127; regularity of, 115-117, 187; explanation of, 123-124, 177, 180-181, 184, 186-187; constraints on, 126, 183; through borrowing, 129-131; coexistence of archaic and innovating forms, 149-150; general principles for, 187-188
• change of sound: 30-31, 111, 117
• chess, in comparison by Saussure: 13, 15, 128
• clarity as a force in change: 31
• code-switching: 164-165
• coexistent systems: 159-165
• competence: 99, 101
• conformity of speakers in change: 112-114
• constraints (problem): 101-102, 183-184
• contact, languages and dialects in: 155-165
• covariation: 169
• custom, language: 106-108; change in, 107-108
• determinants of sound change, primary vs. secondary: 27-28
• détresse morphologique: 50
• détresse phonologique: 33-34
• diachronic linguistics, for Saussure: 120-122
• diachronic phonemics: 123
• dialects, in change: 121-122, 184
• diasystem, language as a: 162-163
• diglossia: 134
• distinctive features: phonological, 17, 19, 127; of meaning, 18-19; and phonological change, 141-143, 148-150
• dominance: 71, 73, 78
• drift: 140-141, 187
• economy, principle of, in change: 24-25
• embedding (problem): 101-102, 153, 158, 171-181, 185-186
• espaces de temps: 7-9
• etymology: for Szemerényi, 12
• evaluation (problem): 101-102, 132, 165, 186
• fluidity of usage: 25
• founded forms: 74
• frequency of use: 26
• functional yield, used in explaining sound change: 133-134; inadequacy as formulated, 137
• generations, in language change: 114
• generative phonology and the economy of grammars: 143-144
• Gothic gen. pl. ē: 18
• grammar, psychologically internalized: 105
• Halle, application of generative phonology to historical explanation: 143-150
• heterogeneity in language: 100-101
• homogeneity, of speech community: for the Neogrammarians, 99, 125; for Chomsky, 125
• hypercorrection, as mechanism in transmission of patterns: 181
• idiolect: 106-108, 124; change in, 107-109; importance of, for Paul, 107-109, 119; use by Bloch, 160
• innovation: 118, 122; opposition to archaic patterns, 156
• irregularity, causes of: 26
• isogloss bundles: coincidence with political boundaries, 153-154; result of linguistic incompatibility, 154; location predictable on linguistic grounds, 154; unaccountable, 154-155
• language: change of, 11, 14, 103; as a state, 13; in operation, 13, 15; custom, 106-108; learning, important in change, 108-109; design, discreteness vs. continuity, 109-110; as a differentiated system, 150-183
• Latin Ĕ and Ŏ, diphthongization and subsequent monophthongization: 56-62
• Latin -RǴ-, -LǴ-, -NǴ-, development of: in Old Spanish, 33-39; in Old Italian, 39; in French, 40; in Provençal, 40, 43
• law: 14
• lenition: 72
• linguistic geography, findings of, used by historical linguistics: 151-155
• linguistics, diachronic: 5-7; for Saussure, 10-11; prospects of research, 23-33
• linguistics, synchronic: 5-6; for Saussure, 10-11, 120-121
• marked vs. unmarked: 67-68
• Martinet, on explanation of sound change: 133
• mechanism of sound changes: 47-49, 156-157
• merger, phonemic: 128
• morph: 67
• morpheme: 67, 80
• morphoneme: 67-81
• mutations of linguistic categories: 85-95; innovating, 85-86; conservative, 86
• neogrammarian heritage: 119-120
• nonprivative opposition: 68
• onomatopoeia: 31-32
• paradigm, as a stimulus to change: 27, 33-63
• Paul, Hermann: on theory of change, 98, 104-120, 121, 126, 128, 139-140, 155; on distinction between origin and propagation of change, 112-113, 129
• performance, variable: 110
• periphrasis: 86; of the Latin perfectum, 86-89; yielding futures, 89-92
• phonemics, diachronic, limits of: 55
• phonétique: for Saussure, 10
• phonological change, strong vs. weak: 29
• phonological space: 149
• Port-Royal, grammar of: 11
• privative opposition: 67-68
• processes of language: 16
• productive patterns, conflicting: 138-140
• proportions, linguistic: 74-76
• provincialism (clocher) in change: 122
• purposefulness of change: 30
• rection: 71
• regularity, specious: 26; of sound change, 32-33, 115-117
• reinterpretation of phonemes: 142
• replacement, subphonemic, of lingual by uvular r: 131
• resistance, paradigmatic, to sound change: 26-27
• rule, phonetic: 116; simplistic exercises with, 144
• sandhi, Old Irish: 72
• Saussure, Ferdinand de: on synchonic vs. diachronic linguistics, 5-20, 78, 98, 120-122, 128
• Saussure's law: 73
• sensitivity to subphonemic variants of /θ ð/: 131; to raising the vowels of off, lost, 131
• sentence, basic unit of language: 16
• significant, for Saussure: 9, 12
• sociolinguistic studies, contributions for understanding sound change: 132, 161-162, 176-181, 187
• sound change, of Latin -RǴ-, -LǴ-, -NǴ-: 33-43; mechanism of, 47-49; morphological interference with, 49-50; accounting for, 49. SEE ALSO change
• Spanish, Old, development of Lat. -RǴ-, -LǴ-, -NǴ-: 33-42, 43-49, 52-55
• split, phonemic: 128
• Sprachgefühl, as a generative device: 105, 128
• stages of language: 6-9, 12; for Streitberg, 16. SEE ALSO espaces de temps
• Stammbaum: 152
• structural features, transmission of: 152-153
• structure-history antinomy: 98-99
• style switching: 160, 161, 164
• substratum influence: 49
• successive generations, as mechanism for change: 144-146
• switching between idiolects: 156
• symmetry of sound systems, explanations for: 142-143
• synchronic linguistics, for Saussure: 120-122
• syntagm: 86
• theory of language change: 99-100, 103, 126, 174-175; empirical foundations for, 102-103, 183-187
• trajectories: of rival forms, 25-26; of change, 114
• transition (problem): 101-102, 153, 170-171, 184-185
• trends, long-term, in change: 140-141
• union-vowels and consonants: 71-72
• universals, grammatical, formulation of: 138-139; as determinants in sound change, 138, 143
• variability, structural: 148, 169
• variable, linguistic: 167,169
• variable intensity of change: 32-33
• wave model of change: 152
• weak sound change: 16
• Weinreich, Uriel: 97-98
• Yiddish vowel changes: 135-137