Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ai̯os- 'ore, metal (copper, bronze, iron)'
Semantic Field(s): Copper, Bronze, Iron
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ǣr, ār | n.str.neut | ore; brass, bronze, copper | GED |
| ǣr(e)n, ǣryn | adj | of brass/bronze | ASD/GED | |
| Middle English: | or | n | ore | W7 |
| English: | aeneous | adj | re: bronze/copper | AHD |
| era | n | age, (long) period of time | AHD/W7 | |
| esteem | n | good opinion | TLL | |
| estimate | vb | to appraise, guess value | TLL | |
| eyrir | n | type of money | AHD/W7 | |
| ore | n | metal-loaded mineral | AHD/W7 | |
| ore | n | type of money | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | ēr | n.str.neut | ore | GED |
| ērin | adj | re: bronze | GED | |
| Old High German: | ēr | n.str.neut | ore, bronze, mineral | GED |
| ērin | adj | re: bronze | GED | |
| German: | Ära | n.fem | era | LRC |
| Erz | n.neut | ore, metal | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | eir | n.neut | bronze, copper | ASD |
| eyrir | n | ounce of silver, [pl.] money | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | eir | n.str.neut | ore, copper | GED |
| Icelandic: | eyrir | n | monetary unit: 100th of a krona | W7 |
| Norwegian: | øre | n | monetary unit | W7 |
| Danish: | erts | n | copper coin, monetary unit | ASD |
| Swedish: | öre | n | copper coin, monetary unit | W7 |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | aiz | n.neut | money, metal coin | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | eisernim | n | ore pit | GED |
| Umbrian: | ahesnes | adj.dat.pl | of bronze | GED |
| Latin: | aēn(e)us | adj | aeneous | CLD/GED |
| aera | n.neut.pl | counters of money-dealers | W7 | |
| aes, aeris | n.neut | ore, metal, money | LRC | |
| aestimō, aestimāre | vb | to value, estimate | TLL | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | ayah- | n | iron, metal | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | áyas- | n | iron, metal | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dat | = | dative (case) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |