Indo-European Lexicon
Language Indices
Below we list Indo-European languages by family, from west to east. Families are divided into groups, by age and/or geographic area (again, generally from west to east). Each language is listed via a standard abbreviation followed by its full-form name; "a.k.a." comments may indicate synonymous language/dialect names.
If we have prepared an alphabetic index to a particular language's reflexes -- words & affixes therein, derived from ancient Proto-Indo-European etyma -- a link is provided to a page listing those reflexes. This work is in progress: reflex indices are being added on a language-by-language basis, as time goes on, for languages with 10 or more reflexes.
Because our IE Lexicon currently emphasizes Germanic languages, especially English, we have split the Germanic family into four convenient but partly imaginary sub-families:
- English (technically part of Anglo-Frisian Low German);
- West Germanic (minus all English dialects, per above);
- North Germanic (the Norse/Scandinavian languages); and
- East Germanic (of which only Gothic is well-attested).
In addition, our Paleo-Balkan "family" lists languages in four groups, of which only Albanian is well-attested and that only recently; the languages in the other groups do not necessarily form a family with Albanian (or each other), but are listed with it mainly for geographic reasons and because there is no other place to put them. No hard conclusions should be drawn from our Paleo-Balkan "family" structure: it is, at best, speculative!
While the Nuristani languages are now considered a third branch of the Indo-Iranian family, the status of the Dardic languages is less clear. Traditionally, Dardic was assigned to the Indic branch; but this was less than certain and, indeed, the languages in our Dardic "family" do not necessarily form a single genetic tree. We have tentatively listed Dardic alongside Indic, next to the Nuristani languages by which Dardic tongues are known to be influenced. Again, no hard conclusions should be drawn from this structural detail.
- Celtic
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- Insular (Goidelic)
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OIr.
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MIr.
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Ir.a.k.a. Irish Gaelic
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Gael.a.k.a. Scots Gaelic
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ScotG.
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Manx.a.k.a. Manx Gaelic
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Shel.Shelta
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- Insular (Brythonic)
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OBret.Old Breton
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MBret.Middle Breton
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Bret.
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OCorn.Old Cornish
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MCorn.Middle Cornish
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Corn.
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Cumb.Cumbric
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OW.
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MW.
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W.
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- Continental
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Celt.Celtiberian
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Gaul.
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TGaul.Transalpine Gaulish
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CGaul.Cisalpine Gaulish
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Lep.Lepontic
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Noric.Noric
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Gal.Galatian
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- English
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- Old
-
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OE.a.k.a. Anglo-Saxon
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AS.Anglo-Saxon
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WSax.West Saxon
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Angl.Anglian
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NUmb.
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Merc.Mercian
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Kent.Kentish
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- Middle
-
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ME.
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- Modern
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-
E.a.k.a. New English
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NE.New English
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AmEng.American English
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BritE.
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ScotE.
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- West Germanic
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- Low German (Anglo-Frisian)
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OFris.
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OWFris.Old West Frisian
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MFris.Middle Frisian
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Fris.
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WFris.West Frisiana.k.a. Dutch/Netherlands Frisian
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NFris.
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EFris.East Frisian
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Sater.Saterfriesisch
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- Low German (Dutch, Saxon, etc.)
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OF.Old Frankisha.k.a. Old Franconian
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ODu.a.k.a. Old Low Franconian
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OLF.Old Low Franconian
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MDu.
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Du.
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Afrik.
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F.Franconiana.k.a. Mainfränkisch
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OFlem.Old Flemish
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MFlem.Middle Flemish
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Flem.
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WFlem.West Flemish
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Limb.Limburgisha.k.a. Limburger, Limburgan
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OS.a.k.a. Old Low German
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OLG.
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MLG.
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LG.a.k.a. Low Saxon
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LS.Low Saxona.k.a. Low Franconian
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Thur.Thuringian
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- High German
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OHG.
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MHG.
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MG.Middle Germana.k.a. Frankish
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ENHG.Early New High German
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NHG.New High Germana.k.a. (Standard) German
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G.a.k.a. Standard German
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Bav.Bavariana.k.a. Austro-Bavarian
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Alm.Alemannic
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Swab.Swabian
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Swiss.Swiss Germana.k.a. Alsatian, Schwyzerdütsch
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Wals.Walser
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Yid.
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PaG.Pennsylvania Germana.k.a. Pennsylvania Dutch
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Lux.Luxembourgish
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Lang.Langobardica.k.a. Lombardic
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- North Germanic
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-
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Run.
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ON.
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- West Norse
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OWN.Old West Norse
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OIce.
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Ice.
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Faer.Faeroesea.k.a. Faroese
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Norn.Norn
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ONorw.Old Norwegian
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MNorw.Middle Norwegian
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Norw.
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NBok.Norwegian Bokmål
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NNorw.New Norwegiana.k.a. Nynorsk
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Jamt.Jamtska
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- East Norse
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OEN.Old East Norse
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ODan.
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MDan.Middle Danish
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Dan.
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OSw.
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MSw.Middle Swedish
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Sw.
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OGut.Old Gutnish
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Gut.Gutnish
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- East Germanic
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- Gothic
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Go.
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VisGo.Visigoth
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OstGo.Ostrogoth
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CrGo.
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- other (all marginally attested)
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Vand.Vandalic
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Burg.Burgundian
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- Italic
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-
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Ven.Venetic
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Aeq.Aequian
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Vest.Vestinian
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- Sabellic
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Osc.
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Hern.Hernican
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Marr.Marrucinian
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Pael.Paelignian
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Umb.
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Mars.Marsian
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Sab.Sabine
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SPic.South Picene
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Vol.Volscian
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- Latino-Faliscan
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Fal.Faliscan
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OLat.
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Lat.
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VLat.
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LLat.
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MLat.
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MELat.a.k.a. Low Latin
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NLat.
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- Western Romance
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OPort.Old Portuguesea.k.a. Medieval Galician, Galician-Portuguese
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Port.
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Gali.Galiciana.k.a. Galego
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OSp.
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MSp.Middle Spanish
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ClSp.Classical Spanish
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Lad.Ladinoa.k.a. Sefardi, Judaeo-Spanish
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Sp.
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AmSp.American Spanisha.k.a. New World Spanish
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MexSp.Mexican Spanish
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Arag.Aragonese
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OCat.Old Catalan
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Cat.Catalan
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OFr.
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ONFr.
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AngFr.a.k.a. Anglo-Norman
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Wall.Walloon
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MFr.
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Fr.
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AmFr.American French
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CanFr.Canadian Frencha.k.a. Quebec French
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AcadFr.Acadian French
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LaFr.Cajun French
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OProv.a.k.a. Old Occitan
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OOcc.
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Occ.Occitana.k.a. Occitanian
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Prov.
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OIt.
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It.
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Neap.Neapolitan
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Rom.Romansha.k.a. Romansch, Rhaeto-Romance
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- Insular Romance
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Cors.Corsican
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Sard.Sardinian
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Sic.Sicilian
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- Eastern Romance
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Dalm.Dalmatian
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Rum.Rumaniana.k.a. Romanian
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Mold.Moldaviana.k.a. Moldovan
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Arom.Aromaniana.k.a. Arumanian, Macedo-Romanian
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Istr.Istro Romanian
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Megl.Megleno Romanian
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- Balto-Slavic
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- Baltic
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Nadr.Nadruvian
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Skal.Skalvian
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- West
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Galin.Galindan
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Sudo.Sudoviana.k.a. Yotvingian
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OPrus.a.k.a. Prussian
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- East
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Curo.Curonian
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Sel.Selonian
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Zem.Zemgaliana.k.a. Semigallian
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OLith.Old Lithuanian
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LLith.Low Lithuanian
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Lith.
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Latv.a.k.a. Lettish
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- Slavic
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OSlav.
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- West
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OPol.Old Polish
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Pol.
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OPom.Old Pomeranian
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Kashub.Kashubian
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Polab.Polabian
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OCz.Old Czech
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Cz.
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Knaan.Knaanica.k.a. Canaanic, Judeo-Slavic, Leshon Knaan
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Slovak.Slovak
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OSorb.Old Sorbian
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Wend.Wendisha.k.a. Sorbian
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Sorb.Sorbian
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USorb.Upper Sorbian
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LSorb.Lower Sorbian
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Lusat.Lusatian
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- South
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OSerb.Old Serbian
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SCr.
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Serb.Serbian
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Croat.Croatian
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Bosn.Bosnian
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Slovene.Slovenian
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OCS.a.k.a. Old Bulgarian
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LCS.Late Church Slavic
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Bulg.Bulgarian
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MacSl.Macedonian Slavic
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- East
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ORuss.
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RCS.Russian Church Slavic
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Russ.
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Ruth.Rutheniana.k.a. West Russian, Chancery Slavonic
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Belo.Belorussian
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Ukr.Ukrainian
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- Paleo-Balkan
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- Albanian
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Alb.
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Gheg.
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Tosk.Tosk
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Arv.Arvanitika
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Arb.Arbëreshë
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- Illyrian
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Illyr.Illyrian
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Mess.Messapica.k.a. Messapian
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- Thracian
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-
Thrac.Thracian
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Dac.Dacian
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- Phrygian
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Phryg.Phrygian
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- Hellenic
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-
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Myc.Mycenaean
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Arcad.Arcadiana.k.a. Arcadocypriot
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Cyp.Cypriana.k.a. Arcadocypriot
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MacGk.Macedonian Greek
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Hesy.
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- Western
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Ach.Achaean
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Dor.a.k.a. Dorian
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Elean.Elean
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Lac.Laconiana.k.a. Spartan
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- Central
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Aeol.Aeolica.k.a. Aeolian
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Boeot.Boeotian
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Lesb.Lesbian
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Thess.Thessalian
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- Eastern
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Ion.Ionica.k.a. Ionian
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Hom.a.k.a. Epic Greek
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Pamph.Pamphylian
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Att.
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Gk.a.k.a. Classical Greek
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LGk.a.k.a. Koine
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MGk.a.k.a. Byzantine Greek
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- Modern
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NGk.New Greeka.k.a. Modern Greek
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Cap.Cappadocian
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Pont.Pontic
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Tsak.Tsakonian
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- Anatolian
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- Luwian
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Luw.
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CLuw.Cuneiform Luwian
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HLuw.Hieroglyphic Luwian
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Lyc.a.k.a. Lycian A
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Mil.Milyana.k.a. Lycian B
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Car.Carian
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Side.Sidetic
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Pisid.Pisidica.k.a. Pisidian
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- Hittite
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Hitt.
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OHitt.Old Hittite
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MHitt.Middle Hittite
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NHitt.Neo-Hittite
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Pala.
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Lyd.Lydian
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- Armenian
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- Classical
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OArm.a.k.a. Grabar
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- Middle
-
-
MArm.Middle Armenian
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- Modern
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-
Arm.
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- Indo-Iranian
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- Iranian
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OIran.Old Iranian
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MIran.Middle Iranian
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Yas.Yassic
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Iran.Iranian
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- Western
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-
OPers.
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Med.Median
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Pahl.Pahlavia.k.a. Pehlevi, Middle Persian
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MPers.
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Mani.Manichaean
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Parth.Parthian
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NPers.New Persiana.k.a. Persian
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Pers.a.k.a. Farsi, Parsi
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Farsi.Farsi
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Balu.Baluchi
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Kurd.Kurdish
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Par.Parachi
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Dari.Dari
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Taj.Tajik
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- Eastern
-
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OAv.Old Avestan
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Av.
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YAv.Young Avestan
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OScyth.Old Scythian
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Scyth.Scythian
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Sogd.Sogdian
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Bact.Bactrian
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Chor.Chorasmian
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Alan.Alanic
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OOss.Old Ossetic
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Khot.Khotanese
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Sac.Saciana.k.a. Sakan
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Saka.Sakana.k.a. Sacian
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Tums.Tumshuqese
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Oss.a.k.a. Osetin, Ossetian
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Push.Pushtoa.k.a. Pashto
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Yagn.Yagnobia.k.a. Yaghnobi
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Pamir.Pamir
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Shug.Shughnia.k.a. Shugnan, Shugni
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Sari.Sarikolia.k.a. Sarykoly, Salikur
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Yazg.Yazgulyam
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Munj.Munjia.k.a. Munjani
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Ishk.Ishkashimi
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Sang.Sanglechi
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Wakh.Wakhia.k.a. Wakhani
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Yidg.Yidghaa.k.a. Yidga
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Wane.Wanecia.k.a. Wanechi, Vanechi
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- Nuristani
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Pras.Prasunia.k.a. Vasi-vari
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Bash.Bashgalia.k.a. Kati, Kamkata-viri
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Ashk.Ashkunu
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Treg.Tregamia.k.a. Gambiri
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Waig.Waigalia.k.a. Kalasha-ala
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- Dardic
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-
Khow.Khowar
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Kals.Kalashaa.k.a. Kalasha-mun
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Kash.Kashmiri
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Kish.Kishtwari
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Pogu.Poguli
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Bat.Bateri
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Chil.Chilisso
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Gow.Gowro
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Kalk.Kalkoti
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Kalm.Kalami
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Koh.Kohistani
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Tira.Tirahi
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Torw.Torwali
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Wota.Wotapuri-Katarqalai
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Dam.Dameli
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Gawar.Gawar-Bati
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Nang.Nangalami
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Shum.Shumashti
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Pash.Pashayia.k.a. Pashai
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PashNW.Pashayi-NWa.k.a. NW Pashai
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PashSW.Pashayi-SWa.k.a. SW Pashai
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PashNE.Pashayi-NEa.k.a. NE Pashai
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PashSE.Pashayi-SEa.k.a. SE Pashai
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Brok.Brokskada.k.a. Brokskat (?)
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Domk.Domaaki
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Phal.Phaluraa.k.a. Palola/Palula/Phalulo
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ShinKo.Shina-Kohistani
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Shina.Shina
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Savi.Savi
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Ush.Ushojo
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- Indic
-
-
RV.Rigvedica.k.a. Rgvedic, Ancient Sanskrit
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Ved.Vedic
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Skt.
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- Middle
-
-
Prak.
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Gand.Gandhari
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Pali.
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Saur.Sauraseni
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OMart.Old Marathi
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- Modern
-
-
Assm.Assamese
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Beng.Bengali
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Bhil.Bhili
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Bih.Bihari
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Domr.Domaria.k.a. Luti, Mehtar, Tsigene, Middle Eastern Romani
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Guj.Gujarati
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Hin.a.k.a. Hindi-Urdu
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Khan.Khandeshi
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Konk.Konkani
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Kum.Kumauni
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Lahn.Lahnda
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Mald.Maldivian
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Mart.Marathi
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Nep.Nepali
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Ori.Oriya
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Pnj.Panjabia.k.a. Punjabi
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Raj.Rajasthani
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Rmy.Romania.k.a. Romany, Gypsy
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Sind.Sindhi
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Sinh.Sinhalesea.k.a. Sinhala
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Thar.Tharu
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Urdu.Urdua.k.a. Hindi-Urdu
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- Tocharian
-
-
-
Toch.a.k.a. Common Tokharian
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- Western
-
-
TochB.a.k.a. Kuchean, Tokharian B
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- Eastern
-
-
TochA.a.k.a. Turfanian, Tokharian A
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