Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: am(m)a, amī̆ 'mama, amah (nursery word)'
Semantic Field(s): Mother
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Middle English: | amicable | adj | amicable | W7 |
amite | n | amity | W7 | |
amour | n | amour | W7 | |
aunt(e) | n | aunt | CDC/W7 | |
enamouren | vb | to enamor | W7 | |
enemi | n | enemy | W7 | |
paramour | n | paramour | W7 | |
English: | amah | n | nurse, female domestic servant | AHD/W7 |
amateur | n | hobbyist, non-professional | AHD/W7 | |
amative | adj | re: love | AHD/W7 | |
amatory | adj | re: sexual love | AHD | |
amicable | adj | friendly | AHD/W7 | |
amigo | n | friend | AHD/W7 | |
amity | n | friendship, good-feeling | AHD/W7 | |
amoretto | n | Cupid, cherub | AHD/W7 | |
amour | n | lover | AHD/W7 | |
aunt | n | uncle's wife, parent's sister | AHD/W7 | |
enamor | vb.trans | to attract love/desire | AHD/W7 | |
enemy | n | opponent, opposition | AHD/W7 | |
inamorata | n | woman, lover | AHD/W7 | |
inimical | adj | opposed, hostile | AHD/W7 | |
paramour | n | illicit lover | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old High German: | amma | n | amah, mama | W7 |
German: | Amateur | n.masc | amateur | LRC |
Amme | n.fem | amah | LRC | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | amator | n.masc | lover | W7 |
amicitia, amicitiae | n.fem | friendship | LRC | |
amicus | n.masc | friend | W7 | |
amita | n.fem | paternal aunt | W7 | |
amo, amāre, amatus | vb | to love | W7 | |
amor | n.masc | love | W7 | |
inimicus | adj | enemy | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | *amīcitās | n | amity | AHD |
Late Latin: | amicabilis | adj | friendly | W7 |
inimicalis | adj | unfriendly | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | amativus | adj | amorous | W7 |
amicitas | n.fem | friendship | W7 | |
amma | n.fem | amah | W7 | |
Portuguese: | ama | n.fem | amah, wet nurse | W7 |
Spanish: | amigo | n.masc | friend | W7 |
Old French: | amite | n | amity | AHD |
amour | n.masc | love | W7 | |
a(u)nte | n | aunt | CDC | |
enamourer | vb | to fall in love | W7 | |
enemi | n.masc.adj | enemy | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | aunte | n | aunt | AHD |
Middle French: | amité | n.fem | friendship | W7 |
French: | aimer | vb | to love | TLL |
amateur | n.masc | amateur | W7 | |
tante | n | aunt | CDC | |
Old Provençal: | amor | n.masc | love | W7 |
Old Occitan: | amda | n | aunt | CDC |
Italian: | amida, ameta | n.dial | aunt | CDC |
amore | n.masc | love | W7 | |
amoretto | n.masc | flirtation, casual love affair | CID/W7 | |
innamorare | vb | to inspire with love | W7 | |
innamorato, innamorata | vb.ptc | in love | W7 | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | amma | n.fem | amah | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
dial | = | dialectal |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |