Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ang̑h- 'tight, narrow, anguished; to constrict'
Semantic Field(s): Narrow
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | cum-ung | adj | narrow | GED |
Breton: | enk | adj | narrow | GED |
Welsh: | cyf-ung | adj | narrow | GED |
English | ||||
Old English: | ang- | adj.pfx | tight, painful | W7 |
angnægl | n.masc | agnail, corn on toe/foot | ASD/W7 | |
enge | adj | tight, narrow, painful | GED | |
engu | n.str.fem | distress | GED | |
ge-eng(e)d | adj | anxious | ASD/GED | |
Middle English: | agnail | n | agnail | W7 |
anger | n | grief, anger | MEV | |
angre | adj | angry | MEV | |
angwisshe, angwys | n | grief, anguish | MEV/W7 | |
quinesie | n | quinsy, throat inflammation | W7 | |
English: | agnail | n | sore/inflammation around toenail/fingernail | AHD/W7 |
anger | n | wrath, resentment, strong displeasure | GED/W7 | |
angina | n | inflammatory suffocative illness | AHD/W7 | |
angry | adj | wrathful, feeling/showing anger | W7 | |
angst | n | fear, dread, worry, anxiety | AHD/W7 | |
anguish | n | extreme mental/bodily pain | AHD/W7 | |
anguished | adj | in anguish | LRC | |
anxious | adj | worried, nervous | AHD/W7 | |
hangnail | n | agnail | AHD | |
quinsy | n | abscess around tonsil | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Saxon: | engi | adj | tight, narrow | GED |
Middle Low German: | angest | n | angst | GED |
engen | vb.wk | to make narrow | GED | |
Old High German: | ancha | n.wk.masc | neck | GED |
angi | adj | narrow | GED | |
angitha | n.str.fem | distress, narrowness | GED | |
angust | n | angst | GED | |
anken | vb.wk | to make narrow | GED | |
engi | adj | narrow | GED | |
engi | n.str.fem | distress | GED | |
engida | n.str.fem | distress, narrowness | GED | |
ungnagal | n | agnail, corn on toe/foot | ASD | |
Middle High German: | angest | n | angst | AHD |
anke | n.wk.masc | neck | GED | |
enge | n.fem | narrowness, confinement | ASD | |
German: | Angst | n.fem | angst | W7 |
Anke | n.fem | neck | GED | |
Enge | n.fem | narrowness, confinement | ASD | |
Swabian: | Anke | n.fem | neck | GED |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | angr | n | grief, anger | W7 |
öngum | n | narrowness, confinement | ASD | |
Old Icelandic: | angr | n | anger | GED |
ǫngr, øngr | adj | narrow | GED | |
øngd | n.str.fem | distress, narrowness | GED | |
øngja | vb | to make narrow | GED | |
øngva | vb | to make narrow | GED | |
Danish: | angst | n | angst | DEO/W7 |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | *-agga | n.sfx | narrowing | GED |
aggwiþa | n.fem | distress, constriction | GED | |
*-aggwjan | vb.wk.I | to oppress | GED | |
*aggwus | adj | narrow | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | angina | n.fem | disease of the chest | W7 |
angiportus | n.masc | narrow street | GED | |
ango, angere | vb | to hurt, torment, strangle, make narrow | GED | |
angor | n.masc | anguish; choking, anxiety | GED | |
angustia, angustiae | n.fem | strait, narrow place; anguish, distress | GED | |
angustus | adj | narrow | GED | |
anxietās | n.fem | anxiety | GED | |
anxius | adj | anxious, fearful | GED | |
Old French: | anguisse | n | anguish | MEV |
Middle French: | quinancie | n.fem | quinsy | W7 |
French: | angoisse | n.fem | anguish, anxiety | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | añkštas | adj | narrow | GED |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | ązъ-kъ | adj | narrow | GED |
ǫzilište | n | prison | GED | |
ǫziti | vb | to oppress | GED | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | ἀγχί, ἀγχοῦ | adv | near | GED |
ἄγχω | vb | to bind together | GED | |
ἄμφην | n | neck | GED | |
anchein | vb | to strangle | W7 | |
ἆσσον | adv.comp | nearer | GED | |
kynanchē | n.fem | dog's collar | W7 | |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | anju-k | adj | narrow | GED/IEW |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | ązanhē | vb | to oppress | GED |
ązō | n | need, anxiety | GED | |
Ossetic: | ungäg | adj | narrow | GED |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | áṁhas | n | need, anxiety | GED |
aṁhú- | adj.pfx | narrow | GED | |
aṁhúh | adj | narrow | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
comp | = | comparative |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
pfx | = | prefix |
sfx | = | suffix |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
DEO | = | Hermann Vinterberg and C.A. Bodelsen: Dansk-Engelsk Ordbog (1966) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |