Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ang̑h- 'tight, narrow, anguished; to constrict'
Semantic Field(s): Narrow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | cum-ung | adj | narrow | GED |
| Breton: | enk | adj | narrow | GED |
| Welsh: | cyf-ung | adj | narrow | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ang- | adj.pfx | tight, painful | W7 |
| angnægl | n.masc | agnail, corn on toe/foot | ASD/W7 | |
| enge | adj | tight, narrow, painful | GED | |
| engu | n.str.fem | distress | GED | |
| ge-eng(e)d | adj | anxious | ASD/GED | |
| Middle English: | agnail | n | agnail | W7 |
| anger | n | grief, anger | MEV | |
| angre | adj | angry | MEV | |
| angwisshe, angwys | n | grief, anguish | MEV/W7 | |
| quinesie | n | quinsy, throat inflammation | W7 | |
| English: | agnail | n | sore/inflammation around toenail/fingernail | AHD/W7 |
| anger | n | wrath, resentment, strong displeasure | GED/W7 | |
| angina | n | inflammatory suffocative illness | AHD/W7 | |
| angry | adj | wrathful, feeling/showing anger | W7 | |
| angst | n | fear, dread, worry, anxiety | AHD/W7 | |
| anguish | n | extreme mental/bodily pain | AHD/W7 | |
| anguished | adj | in anguish | LRC | |
| anxious | adj | worried, nervous | AHD/W7 | |
| hangnail | n | agnail | AHD | |
| quinsy | n | abscess around tonsil | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | engi | adj | tight, narrow | GED |
| Middle Low German: | angest | n | angst | GED |
| engen | vb.wk | to make narrow | GED | |
| Old High German: | ancha | n.wk.masc | neck | GED |
| angi | adj | narrow | GED | |
| angitha | n.str.fem | distress, narrowness | GED | |
| angust | n | angst | GED | |
| anken | vb.wk | to make narrow | GED | |
| engi | adj | narrow | GED | |
| engi | n.str.fem | distress | GED | |
| engida | n.str.fem | distress, narrowness | GED | |
| ungnagal | n | agnail, corn on toe/foot | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | angest | n | angst | AHD |
| anke | n.wk.masc | neck | GED | |
| enge | n.fem | narrowness, confinement | ASD | |
| German: | Angst | n.fem | angst | W7 |
| Anke | n.fem | neck | GED | |
| Enge | n.fem | narrowness, confinement | ASD | |
| Swabian: | Anke | n.fem | neck | GED |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | angr | n | grief, anger | W7 |
| öngum | n | narrowness, confinement | ASD | |
| Old Icelandic: | angr | n | anger | GED |
| ǫngr, øngr | adj | narrow | GED | |
| øngd | n.str.fem | distress, narrowness | GED | |
| øngja | vb | to make narrow | GED | |
| øngva | vb | to make narrow | GED | |
| Danish: | angst | n | angst | DEO/W7 |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *-agga | n.sfx | narrowing | GED |
| aggwiþa | n.fem | distress, constriction | GED | |
| *-aggwjan | vb.wk.I | to oppress | GED | |
| *aggwus | adj | narrow | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | angina | n.fem | disease of the chest | W7 |
| angiportus | n.masc | narrow street | GED | |
| ango, angere | vb | to hurt, torment, strangle, make narrow | GED | |
| angor | n.masc | anguish; choking, anxiety | GED | |
| angustia, angustiae | n.fem | strait, narrow place; anguish, distress | GED | |
| angustus | adj | narrow | GED | |
| anxietās | n.fem | anxiety | GED | |
| anxius | adj | anxious, fearful | GED | |
| Old French: | anguisse | n | anguish | MEV |
| Middle French: | quinancie | n.fem | quinsy | W7 |
| French: | angoisse | n.fem | anguish, anxiety | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | añkštas | adj | narrow | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | ązъ-kъ | adj | narrow | GED |
| ǫzilište | n | prison | GED | |
| ǫziti | vb | to oppress | GED | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἀγχί, ἀγχοῦ | adv | near | GED |
| ἄγχω | vb | to bind together | GED | |
| ἄμφην | n | neck | GED | |
| anchein | vb | to strangle | W7 | |
| ἆσσον | adv.comp | nearer | GED | |
| kynanchē | n.fem | dog's collar | W7 | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | anju-k | adj | narrow | GED/IEW |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | ązanhē | vb | to oppress | GED |
| ązō | n | need, anxiety | GED | |
| Ossetic: | ungäg | adj | narrow | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | áṁhas | n | need, anxiety | GED |
| aṁhú- | adj.pfx | narrow | GED | |
| aṁhúh | adj | narrow | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| comp | = | comparative |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| DEO | = | Hermann Vinterberg and C.A. Bodelsen: Dansk-Engelsk Ordbog (1966) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
