Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. ank-, ang- 'to flex, bend, angle'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | anclēow | n.masc | ankle | ASD/W7 |
| ancor, āncer | n | anchorite, hermit | ASD/W7 | |
| anga | n | hook | W7 | |
| angel | n.masc | fishhook | W7 | |
| Angel-cynn | prop.n.neut | English, lit. Angle kin | LRC | |
| Engle | n | the Angles (coastal Germanic group) | W7 | |
| Middle English: | ancre | n | anchor | W7 |
| angel | n | fishhook | W7 | |
| angelen | vb | to angle: fish | W7 | |
| angle | n | angle | W7 | |
| ankel | n | ankle | W7 | |
| English: | anchor | n | anchor (fluked boat stabilizer) | AHD/W7 |
| ancon | n | architectural bracket or elbow support | AHD/W7 | |
| Angle | prop.n | member of Germanic tribe in Anglia | LRC | |
| angle | n | corner, sharp bend | AHD/W7 | |
| angle | vb | to turn/flex/position at an angle | AHD/W7 | |
| angle | vb | to fish with hook | W7 | |
| ankle | n | joint between foot and leg | AHD/W7 | |
| ankylosis | n | joint stiffness; bone fusion | AHD/W7 | |
| onchocerciasis | n | river blindness (caused by filarial worms) | AHD | |
| oncidium | n | kind of orchid | AHD/W7 | |
| unciform | adj | hook-shaped | AHD/W7 | |
| uncinaria | n | hook-mouthed nematode | AHD/W7 | |
| uncinate | adj | hooked, unciform, bent at end | AHD | |
| uncus | n | hooked anatomical part | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | anker | n | anchor | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | ēnkoro | n.masc | hermit, anchorite | ASD |
| Old High German: | anchlāo, anchal(a) | n | ankle | ASD/W7 |
| ango | n | hook | W7 | |
| angul | n.masc | hook, fishhook | ASD | |
| einchoranar | n.masc | hermit, anchorite | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | angel | n.masc | hook, fishhook | ASD |
| enkel | n.masc | ankle | ASD | |
| German: | Angel | n.fem | hinge, angle; fishing rod | LRC |
| angeln | vb | to fish, angle | LRC | |
| Anker | n.masc | anchor | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | eng | n | meadow | LRC |
| ökul, ökli | n.masc | ankle | ASD | |
| öngull | n.masc | hook, fishhook | ASD | |
| Danish: | anker | n | anchor | TLL |
| eng | n | meadow | TLL | |
| Swedish: | ankare | n | anchor | TLL |
| ankel | n | ankle | ASD | |
| äng | n | meadow | TLL | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | anchora | n.fem | anchor | W7 |
| Ancon | n.fem | town in Italy | W7 | |
| ancōn | n | ancon | AHD | |
| Angli | n.masc.pl | Angles: people of Germanic origin | W7 | |
| angulus | n.masc | angle | W7 | |
| uncinus | adj | hook | W7 | |
| uncus | n.masc | hook | W7 | |
| New Latin: | ankylosis | n.fem | ankylosis | W7 |
| oncidium | n.neut | genus of orchids | W7 | |
| unciformis, unciforme | adj | shaped like a hook | W7 | |
| uncinaria | n.fem | hookworm | W7 | |
| uncus | n.masc | a hooked anatomical part or process | W7 | |
| Old French: | angle | n | angle | AHD |
| Middle French: | angle | n.masc | angle | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ankos | n.masc | glen | W7 |
| ankylos | adj | crooked | W7 | |
| ankyloun | vb | to make crooked | W7 | |
| ankylōsis | n.fem | ankylosis | W7 | |
| ankyra | n.fem | anchor | W7 | |
| ankōn | n.masc | elbow | W7 | |
| onkos | n.masc | barbed hook, mass | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |