Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ant-s 'brow, front, anterior'
Semantic Field(s): Forehead
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | ētan | n | forehead | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | and-, ond- | pfx | to, against, opposite; from | GED |
| and | prep | on, against | GED | |
| end | adv | rather, earlier | GED/IEW | |
| ende | n.masc | area | GED | |
| ende | n.str.masc/neut | end | GED | |
| ende-lēas | adj | endless | GED | |
| oþ- | pfx | until | GED | |
| oð | prep | in, on, (up) to, as far as | GED | |
| oþ | prep/conj | until | W7 | |
| und | prep | until | GED | |
| Middle English: | advauncen | vb | to advance | W7 |
| ancien | adj | ancient | W7 | |
| and- | prep | against | W7 | |
| ante- | prep | ante- | W7 | |
| ant(i)- | pfx | anti- | W7 | |
| antipodes | n.pl | antipodes, those with feet opposite ours | AHD | |
| ava(u)ntage | n | advantage | MEV/W7 | |
| ende | n | end | W7 | |
| unto | prep | unto, lit. until-to | W7 | |
| vantgard | n | vanguard | W7 | |
| English: | advance | vb | to go forward | AHD/W7 |
| advantage | n | benefit | AHD/W7 | |
| ancient | adj | of yore, exceeding old | AHD/W7 | |
| ante- | pfx | before | AHD/W7 | |
| ante | n | initial bet/stake | AHD | |
| anterior | adj | forward | AHD/W7 | |
| anti- | pfx | against, contra | AHD/W7 | |
| antic | adj | absurd, farcical | AHD/W7 | |
| antidote | n | remedy to effects of poison | AHD/W7 | |
| antinomian | adj/n | (re:) adherent of antinomianism | AHD | |
| antinomianism | n | belief that Gospel frees Christians from law | AHD | |
| antinomy | n | contradiction between equally valid principles/inferences | AHD/W7 | |
| antipasto | n | hors d'oeuvre | AHD/W7 | |
| antiphon | n | psalm/verse sung antiphonally | AHD/W7 | |
| antipodes | n.pl | direct/diametrical opposites | AHD | |
| antique | adj | ancient, very old | AHD/W7 | |
| antithesis | n | rhetorical contrast of ideas | AHD/W7 | |
| antitype | n | one foreshadowed by/identified with earlier type/symbol | AHD/W7 | |
| antonym | n | word having opposite meaning | W7 | |
| enantiomer | n | molecule not superimposable on mirror image (chemistry) | AHD | |
| enantiomorph | n | mirror image compound (chemistry) | AHD/W7 | |
| -end | sfx | cape | GED | |
| end | n | result; terminus, finality | AHD/W7 | |
| end | vb | to terminate | AHD/W7 | |
| Haysend | prop.n | Buckland village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Lands-end | prop.n | Land's End | GED | |
| until | prep/conj | to, before, up to | W7 | |
| unto | prep | to, until | IEW | |
| vanguard | n | leader, forefront | AHD/W7 | |
| Vedanta | prop.n | orthodox philosophy based on Upanishads (Hinduism) | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | and(a) | prep | to, in, on | ASD/GED |
| enda, ein, eind(e) | n.str.masc/neut | end | ASD/GED | |
| und | prep | until | GED | |
| Frisian: | eyn(e) | n | end | ASD |
| Dutch: | einde | n.neut | end | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | and- | pfx | to, anti-, opposite; from | GED |
| and | prep | up to | GED | |
| ant- | pfx | to, anti-, opposite; from | GED | |
| ant | prep | up to | GED | |
| endi | adv | earlier | GED | |
| endi | n.str.masc/neut | end | GED | |
| endi-lōs | adj | endless | GED | |
| und | conj | until | ASD/GED | |
| unt | prep | until | ASD/GED | |
| Old High German: | ant-, ent-, int- | pfx | to, anti-, opposite; from | GED |
| ant | prep | on, into; before, against | ASD | |
| anti | n.str.masc/neut | end | GED | |
| endi | n.str.neut | forehead | GED | |
| enti | adv | earlier | GED/IEW | |
| enti | n.str.masc/neut | end | GED | |
| int-fliohan | vb | to escape | GED | |
| und | prep | until | GED | |
| unt | conj | unto, until | W7 | |
| unt-az | prep | until | GED | |
| unz(i) | prep | until | ASD/GED | |
| Middle High German: | ende | n.masc/neut | end | ASD |
| ende-lōs | adj | endless | GED | |
| German: | Ende | n.neut | end | ASD |
| Ost-ende | prop.n | Ostend | GED | |
| Langobardic: | Ant-aib | n | border district | GED |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | and | prep | against | ASD |
| en | conj | but, and; than | LRC | |
| enn | adv | still; also; yet; further; again; moreover; even | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | and- | pfx | to, anti-, opposite; from | GED |
| enda-lauss | adj | endless | GED | |
| endi(r) | n.str.masc/neut | end | GED | |
| endr | adv | again, earlier | GED/IEW | |
| enn | adv | again, earlier | GED/IEW | |
| enni | n.str.neut | forehead | GED | |
| unz | prep | until | GED | |
| Icelandic: | endi(r) | n.masc | end | ASD |
| Danish: | end | conj | than | TLL |
| ende | n.masc/fem | end | ASD | |
| Swedish: | än | conj | than | TLL |
| ände | n.masc | end | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | and | prep | along, through, over; up to, towards | GED |
| andeis | n.masc | end | GED | |
| andiz-uh | conj | either/or | GED/IEW | |
| andniman | vb.str.IV | to take, receive | LRC | |
| *Gutisk-andeis(-andi) | prop.n | Gothic peninsula | GED | |
| und | prep | for, until, up to | GED | |
| unte | conj | until | ASD | |
| *unþa-þliuhan | vb | to escape | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | ant | prep | up to | GED |
| Latin: | abante | adv | before | W7 |
| ante | adv/prep/pfx | before | LRC | |
| anterior | adj | taking place before | W7 | |
| antiae | n | forelock, hair hanging to forehead | GED | |
| antīcus | adj | before | GED/IEW | |
| antiquus, antiqua, antiquum | adj | old, antique, preceding | GED | |
| Vulgar Latin: | abantio, abantiare | vb | to go forward | W7 |
| anteanus | adj | ancient | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | antithesis | n.fem | contrary, antithesis | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | anti- | pfx | contrary, anti- | W7 |
| antitypus | n | antitype | AHD | |
| Portuguese: | antes | adv | before | TLL |
| Spanish: | antes | adv | before | TLL |
| delante | adv | before | TLL | |
| Old French: | anti- | pfx | anti-, contrary | W7 |
| auncien | adj | ancient | AHD | |
| avancier | vb | to advance | W7 | |
| avant | prep/pfx | fore- | W7 | |
| avant-garde | n.fem | vanguard | W7 | |
| avauntage | n | advantage | AHD | |
| Middle French: | ancien | adj | ancient | W7 |
| anti- | pfx | anti- | W7 | |
| antique | adj | antique, ancient, of the ancient world | W7 | |
| avant | prep | before | W7 | |
| avantage | n.masc | vantage, benefit, advantage | W7 | |
| avant-garde | n.fem | vanguard | W7 | |
| French: | antique | adj | antique | AHD |
| avant | adv/prep | before | TLL | |
| devant | adv/prep | before, in front of | TLL | |
| Italian: | antico | adj | ancient | W7 |
| antipasto | n.masc | antipasto, side dish | CID/W7 | |
| davanti | adv | before | TLL | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | añt | prep | on, to, against | GED |
| anta | prep | up to | GED | |
| antà | prep | on, to, against | GED | |
| añtis | n | breast, bosom | GED | |
| į̃ | prep | at, for, in, to | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἄντα | prep | opposite | GED |
| ἄντη-ν | adv | against | GED | |
| ἀντί, αντ- | adv/prep/pfx | facing, opposite, anti- | LRC | |
| antithesis | n.fem | opposition, antithesis | W7 | |
| antitupos | adj | representing, corresponding | AHD | |
| enanti | adv | facing | W7 | |
| enantios | adj | opposite | W7 | |
| Late Greek: | antitupos | n | copy, antitype | AHD |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Lycian: | χñta- | pfx | first, leader | GED |
| Hittite: | hant- | n | forehead, front(age) | LRC |
| hanti | adv | in front; separate, especially | GED | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | and | adv | there | GED |
| ənd | prep | for, through, along; with, during, under | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | anta | n.masc | end | ASD/W7 |
| antamás | adj.sup | the last one | GED | |
| ántas | n | end, limit | GED | |
| ánti | prep | near, before | GED | |
| ántyas | vb | to be at the end | GED | |
| Vedānta | prop.n | end of the Veda | W7 | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | ānte | n | brow | LRC |
| Tocharian A: | antus | adv | then | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| IV | = | class 4 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| sup | = | superlative |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
