Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base arə-, rē-, and i-base (a)rī̆-, rēi- 'to fit, suit'
Semantic Field(s): Good, Custom, Usage
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | rīm | n | number | GED |
rīmid | vb.3.sg | counts | GED | |
Welsh: | cyf-rif | vb | to count, recount, narrate | GED |
rhif | n | number | GED | |
rhifo | vb | to count | GED | |
English | ||||
Old English: | drǣdan | vb.irr | to dread | ASD/W7 |
earm | n.masc | arm | ASD/W7 | |
hund-red | nbr.card | hundred (100), long hundred (120) | W7 | |
rǣd, rēd | n.masc | rede | ASD/IEW | |
rǣdan, rǣdde, rǣded | vb.wk | to read/rede, counsel | ASD/W7 | |
rǣdan, rē(or)d, rēdon, rǣden | vb.str | to read/rede, counsel | ASD/W7 | |
rǣdelse | n | opinion, conjecture, riddle | W7 | |
rǣden | n | condition | W7 | |
rīm | n.str.masc/neut | number, calculation | ASD/GED | |
rīman | vb.wk | to count, number | GED | |
Northumbrian: | arm | n | arm | CDC |
Middle English: | adornen | vb | to adorn | W7 |
alarme, alarom | n | alarm | W7 | |
ar(i)smetrik | n | arithmetic | CDC/W7 | |
armarie, almerie | n | ambry | AHD/W7 | |
armature | n | armor, armature | AHD | |
arm(e) | n | arm; embrace | MEV/W7 | |
armee, arm(e)ye | n | army | CDC/W7 | |
armen | vb | to arm | W7 | |
armes | n.pl | arms, warfare | W7 | |
armony | n | harmony | W7 | |
armure | n | armor | W7 | |
arreinen, arraynen, arenen | vb | to arraign | CDC/W7 | |
art(e) | n | art | CDC/W7 | |
article | n | article | W7 | |
desarmen | vb | to disarm | W7 | |
dreden | vb | to dread | W7 | |
hatred | n | hatred | W7 | |
hundred | nbr.card | hundred (100) | GED | |
inordinat | adj | inordinate | W7 | |
kindred | n | kindred | W7 | |
ordeinen | vb | to ordain | W7 | |
ordinal | adj | ordinal | W7 | |
ordinance | n | ordinance | W7 | |
ordinarie | adj | ordinary | W7 | |
ornament | n | ornament | W7 | |
ornat | adj | ornate | W7 | |
primordial | adj | primordial | W7 | |
rate | n | rate | W7 | |
redels | n | riddle | W7 | |
reden | vb | to read/rede | W7 | |
resoun | n | reason | W7 | |
ridel | n | riddle | W7 | |
rime | n | rhyme | W7 | |
rite | n | rite | W7 | |
subordinat | adj | subordinate | W7 | |
English: | adorn | vb.trans | to deck, strew with ornaments | AHD/W7 |
alarm | n | warning, panic | AHD/W7 | |
ambry | n | pantry; recess in church wall | AHD/W7 | |
anarthrous | adj | re: noun without article; lit. without joints | AHD | |
aristocracy | n | rule of the best | AHD/W7 | |
arithmetic | n | mathematics, science of numbers | AHD/W7 | |
arm | n | upper limb | AHD/W7 | |
arm | vb | to equip with weapons | AHD/W7 | |
armada | n | fleet | AHD/W7 | |
armadillo | n | small shelled nocturnal mammal | AHD/W7 | |
armature | n | organ for attack/defense | AHD/W7 | |
armillary | adj/n | (re:) bracelet, iron ring | AHD/W7 | |
armoire | n | large chest | AHD/W7 | |
armor | n | defensive bodily covering | W7 | |
arm(s) | n.sg/pl | weapon(s) | AHD/W7 | |
army | n | large organized body of armed personnel | AHD/W7 | |
arraign | vb.trans | to charge, indict | AHD/W7 | |
art | n | ingenuity, creativity, performance skill | AHD/W7 | |
arthr(o)- | pfx | joint | AHD/W7 | |
article | n | item; type of prose composition | AHD/W7 | |
artiodactyl | n | even-toed ungulate | AHD/W7 | |
artisan | n | craftsman | AHD/W7 | |
artist | n | one skilled in creative art(s) | AHD/W7 | |
artiste | n | skilled adept musical/theatrical performer | W7 | |
coarctate | adj | close together; contracted | AHD/W7 | |
coordination | n | harmonious movement | AHD/W7 | |
diarthrosis | n | free-moving joint | AHD/W7 | |
disarm | vb | to strip of weapons | AHD/W7 | |
dread | vb | to fear, stand in awe of | AHD/W7 | |
dysarthria | n | dyslalia, lack of distinct articulation | AHD/CDC | |
enarthrosis | n | ball-and-socket joint | AHD/W7 | |
exordium | n | preface, introduction | AHD/W7 | |
Fastred | prop.n | personal name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Folcred | prop.n | Rohan prince in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
gendarme | n | police officer | AHD/W7 | |
Halfred | prop.n | hobbit name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
harmony | n | concord | AHD/W7 | |
hatred | n | hate, extreme contempt | AHD/W7 | |
hundred | nbr.card | 100 | GED | |
inert | adj | still, idle, unchanging | AHD/W7 | |
inertia | n | indisposition to change/motion | AHD/W7 | |
inordinate | adj | immoderate, out of order | AHD/W7 | |
kindred | n | ancestry, heritage | AHD/W7 | |
logarithm | n | power of ten | AHD/W7 | |
ordain | vb | to consecrate | AHD/W7 | |
order | n | rank, class, structure | AHD/W7 | |
ordinal | adj | re: specified serial order | AHD/W7 | |
ordinal | n | book of ordination rites | AHD/W7 | |
ordinance | n | law, regulation | AHD/W7 | |
ordinary | adj | normal, commonplace | AHD/W7 | |
ordinary | n | judicial prelate/clergyman | AHD/W7 | |
ordinate | n | Cartesian y-axis coordinate | AHD/W7 | |
ordo | n | Catholic calendrical list | AHD/W7 | |
ornament | n | decoration | AHD/W7 | |
ornate | adj | adorned, decked out | AHD/W7 | |
primordial | adj | original, extremely ancient | AHD/W7 | |
rate | n | speed | AHD/W7 | |
rathskeller | n | restaurant patterned after German Ratskeller | AHD/W7 | |
ratio | n | numeric fraction/proportion | AHD/W7 | |
ration | n | dole, measured portion | AHD/W7 | |
read, read | vb | to parse meanings of letters | AHD/W7 | |
reason | n | cognition, intellect | AHD/W7 | |
rede | n | advice, counsel; story, account | W7 | |
rede | vb.trans | to advise, give counsel; explain, interpret | AHD/W7 | |
rhyme | n | echo at end of word | AHD/W7 | |
riddle | n | cryptic saying | AHD/W7 | |
rite | n | religious practice | AHD/W7 | |
ritual | adj | re: rite(s) | W7 | |
ritual | n | form for (religious) ceremony | W7 | |
subordinate | adj | lesser, subject, serving | AHD/W7 | |
suborn | vb.trans | to compel to break the law | AHD/W7 | |
synarthrosis | n | immovable joint | AHD/W7 | |
Théodred | prop.n | Theoden's son in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | arm, erm | n.masc | arm | ASD |
hund-red, hunderd | nbr.card | hundred (100) | ASD | |
rēd | n | rede | ASD | |
rēda | vb.str | to rede, counsel | ASD | |
rethe | n.str.fem | speech, word, account | GED | |
rīm | n | number | ASD | |
Frisian: | arm, earm | n | arm | ASD/CDC |
artisan | n | artisan | CDC | |
Old Dutch: | aerm | n | arm | CDC |
Dutch: | arm | n.masc | arm | ASD |
raad | n | rede | LRC | |
raden | vb | to rede | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | an(t)-drādan | vb | to dread | ASD |
arm | n.masc | arm | ASD | |
hunde-rod | nbr.card | hundred (100), long hundred (120) | LRC | |
rād | n | rede | ASD | |
rādan | vb.str | to rede, counsel | ASD | |
reðia | n.str.fem | speech, word, account | GED | |
reðinon | vb | to give account | GED | |
reðion | vb.wk | to speak, say | GED | |
un-rīm | n | number | ASD | |
Old High German: | ant-rātan | vb | to dread | ASD |
ant-reitjan | vb.wk | to settle, arrange, set in order | ASD | |
ar(a)m | n.masc | arm | ASD | |
ge-rīman | vb | to count, number | ASD | |
hunde-rt | nbr.card | hundred (100) | ASD | |
rāt | n.masc | rede | IEW | |
rātan | vb.str | to rede, counsel | W7 | |
reda | n.str.fem | speech, word, account | GED | |
redina | n.str.fem | account, explanation | GED | |
redinōn | vb.wk | to speak, say | GED | |
rīm | n.str.masc | number, calculation | GED | |
rīmen | vb.wk | to count, number | GED | |
Middle High German: | arm | n.masc | arm | ASD |
ent-rāton | vb | to dread | ASD | |
German: | Alarm | n.masc | alarm | LRC |
Arithmetik | n | arithmetic | CDC | |
Arm | n.masc | arm | ASD | |
Armee | n.fem | army | LRC | |
Ärmel | n | sleeve | TLL | |
Harmonie | n.fem | harmony | LRC | |
hundert | nbr.card | hundred (100) | LRC | |
Ornament | n.neut | ornament | LRC | |
Rat | n | rede | LRC | |
raten | vb | to rede | TLL | |
Rathaus | n | town hall | TLL | |
Ration | n.fem | ration | LRC | |
Ratskeller | n.masc | rathskeller, city-hall basement restaurant | W7 | |
Rede | n.fem | speech | LRC | |
reden | vb | to speak, talk | LRC | |
Reim | n.masc | rhyme | LRC | |
reimen | vb | to rhyme | LRC | |
Ritual | n.neut | ritual | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | armr | n | arm | LRC |
hund-raþ | nbr.card | hundred (100), long hundred (120) | W7 | |
ráð | n.neut | rede; means, expedient; plan; agreement | LRC | |
ráða | vb | to rede, counsel; plot, discuss | LRC | |
rœða, rœdd | vb | to speak | LRC | |
Old Icelandic: | ald-rœðr | adj | old | GED |
ātt-rœðr | adj | eighty-year-old | GED | |
hund-rað | nbr.card | long/great hundred (120) | GED | |
rīm | n.str.masc | calendar, calculation | GED | |
Icelandic: | armr | n.masc | arm | ASD |
(g)reiða | vb.wk | to arrange, get/make ready | ASD/ICE | |
hund-rað | nbr.card | hundred (100) | ASD | |
rāð | n | rede | ASD | |
ráða | vb.str | to rede, counsel | ASD | |
rím | n | number | ASD | |
Danish: | arithmetik | n | arithmetic | CDC |
arm | n.masc/fem | arm | ASD | |
raade | vb | to rede | TLL | |
raadhus | n | town hall | TLL | |
råd | n | rede | LRC | |
ærme | n | sleeve | TLL | |
Swedish: | arithmetik | n | arithmetic | CDC |
arm | n.masc | arm | ASD | |
råd | n | rede | SAO | |
råda | vb | to rede | TLL | |
rådhus | n | town hall | TLL | |
ärm | n | sleeve | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | arms | n.masc | arm | ASD |
ga-raidjan | vb.wk | to rede, counsel | ASD | |
ga-raþjan | vb | to count | GED/W7 | |
ga-rēdan | vb.str | to rede, counsel | ASD | |
raþjo | n.wk.fem | number, account, explanation | GED | |
rōdjan | vb.wk.I | to speak | LRC | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | adorno, adornāre | vb | to adorn | W7 |
arithmetica | n.fem | arithmetic | W7 | |
arma, armōrum | n.neut.pl | arms | LRC | |
armarium | n.neut | chest | W7 | |
armātūra | n.fem | arms, armor, equipment | ELD/W7 | |
armilla | n | armlet, armillary | AHD | |
armō, armāre, armātus | vb | to arm, equip | W7 | |
armus, armūs | n.masc | arm, shoulder | W7 | |
ars, artis | n.fem | art, skill | LRC | |
articulus | n.masc | joint; division, article | W7 | |
artīre | vb | to instruct in arts | AHD | |
artus, artūs | n.masc | limb, joint | LRC | |
artus | adj | narrow, confined | W7 | |
coarctatus | vb.ptc | confined, drawn together | W7 | |
coarto, coartare | vb | to confine, draw together | W7 | |
exordior, exordīri | vb | to begin | W7 | |
exordium | n.neut | beginning, introduction | W7 | |
harmonia | n.fem | harmony | W7 | |
iners, inertis | adj | inert, unskilled | W7 | |
inertia | n.fem | inertia, slothfulness, lack of skill | W7 | |
inordinatus | adj | disorderly | W7 | |
ordinarius | adj | in order | W7 | |
ordino, ordināre, ordinatus | vb | to order, arrange | W7 | |
ordior, ordīri | vb.dep | to begin | W7 | |
ordo, ordinis | n.masc | line, order, series; group, class | LRC | |
orior, orīrī, ortus | vb.dep | to arise | LRC | |
ornamentum | n.neut | ornament | W7 | |
ornō, ornāre, ornātus | vb | to adorn, furnish, decorate | W7 | |
parte | n.fem.abl | according to a fixed proportion | W7 | |
primordium | n.neut | origin | W7 | |
primordius | adj | primordial | W7 | |
ratiō, ratiōnis | n.fem | ratio, account; tally, calculation | GED | |
ratus, rata, ratum | adj/vb.ptc | fixed, counted, calculated | GED | |
reor, reri | vb.dep | to think, count, calculate | GED | |
rītus | n.masc | rite, custom, religous ceremony | GED | |
suborno, subornare | vb | to suborn, corrupt | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | *adrationāre | vb | to call to account | AHD |
*artitiānus | n | artisan | AHD | |
ratio, rationis | n.fem | ration, measure; reason | W7 | |
rationo, rationare | vb | to compute, consider, deliberate | W7 | |
Late Latin: | arismetica | n | arithmetic | AHD |
aristocratia | n.fem | aristocracy | W7 | |
coordinatio, coordinationis | n.fem | coordination | W7 | |
ordinalis | adj | of the order | W7 | |
ordino, ordināre | vb | to enroll in the orders | W7 | |
primordialis | adj | primordial, re: origin | W7 | |
Middle Latin: | artesanus | n | artisan | CDC |
Medieval Latin: | almārium | n | ambry, closet | AHD |
armata | n.fem | army, fleet | W7 | |
armilla | n | armillary | W7 | |
artista | n | lettered person | AHD | |
ordinantia | n.fem | ordinance | W7 | |
ordo, ordinis | n.masc | ecclesiastical order | W7 | |
rata | n.fem | rate | W7 | |
subordinō, subordināre, subordinātus | vb | to subordinate | W7 | |
New Latin: | applicata | n.fem | line applied in an orderly manner | W7 |
artiodactylus | n/adj | artiodactyl | CDC | |
diarthrosis | n.fem | articulation that permits free movement | W7 | |
enarthrosis | n.fem | enarthrosis | W7 | |
inertia | n.fem | inertia, lack of movement | W7 | |
logarithmus | n.masc | logarithm | W7 | |
Portuguese: | arithmetica | n | arithmetic | CDC |
armada | n | army, armada | CDC | |
armadilho | n | armadillo | CDC | |
armadura | n | armature | CDC | |
armar | vb | to arm | CDC | |
armas | n | arms | CDC | |
arte | n | art | CDC | |
artesão | n | artisan | CDC | |
articulo, artigo | n | article | CDC | |
Spanish: | arismética, aritmética | n | arithmetic | CDC |
armada | n.fem | ensemble of naval forces | Sal/W7 | |
armadillo | n.masc | armadillo | W7 | |
armado | adj.masc | armed | W7 | |
armadura | n | armature | CDC | |
armar | vb | to arm | CDC | |
armas | n | arms | CDC | |
arte | n | art | CDC | |
artesano | n | artisan | CDC | |
artículo | n | article | CDC | |
Old French: | adourner | vb | to adorn | AHD |
alarme | n | alarm | AHD | |
araisner, aranier | vb.trans | to arraign | CDC/W7 | |
arismetique | n.fem | arithmetic | W7 | |
aristocracie | n | aristocracy | CDC | |
armaire | n.fem | armoire | W7 | |
armarie, almarie | n.fem | chest, closet, ambry | AHD/W7 | |
armature | n | armor, armature | AHD | |
armee | n | army | CDC | |
armer | vb | to arm | W7 | |
armes | n.fem.pl | arms; hereditary heraldic devices | W7 | |
arm(e)ure | n | armor, equipment | W7 | |
art | n.masc | art, practice, discipline | W7 | |
article | n | article | CDC | |
artiste | n | lettered person | AHD | |
desarmer | vb | to disarm | W7 | |
ordener | vb | to ordain | W7 | |
ornement | n.masc | ornament | W7 | |
raison | n.fem | reason | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | arainer, are(i)ner | vb.trans | to arraign | CDC |
ordinarie | n | ordinary; common meal | W7 | |
Middle French: | adorner | vb | to adorn | W7 |
alarme | n.fem | alarm, concern | W7 | |
araisner | vb | to arraign | W7 | |
aristocratie | n.fem | aristocracy | W7 | |
armée | n.fem | army | W7 | |
armoire | n.fem | armoire | W7 | |
armonie | n.fem | harmony | W7 | |
artisan | n.masc | artisan | W7 | |
desarmer | vb | to disarm | W7 | |
gendarme, gensdarmes | n.masc | gendarme, soldier, armed person | W7 | |
ordenance | n.fem | ordinance, art of arranging | W7 | |
ordre | n.masc | order | W7 | |
suborner | vb | to suborn | W7 | |
French: | aristocratic | n | aristocracy | CDC |
arithmétique | n | arithmetic | CDC | |
armature | n | armature | CDC | |
armée | n | army | CDC | |
armer | vb | to arm | CDC | |
armillaire | adj | armillary | W7 | |
armoire | n | armoire | AHD | |
art | n.masc | art | CDC | |
article | n | article | CDC | |
artisan | n | artisan | AHD | |
artiste | n | artist | AHD | |
coordination | n.fem | coordination | W7 | |
gendarme | n.masc | gendarme | W7 | |
ration | n.fem | ration | W7 | |
Old Occitan: | arismetica | n | arithmetic | CDC |
armada | n | armada | CDC | |
armadura | n | armature | CDC | |
armar | vb | to arm | CDC | |
armas | n | arms | CDC | |
Old Italian: | allarme | n | alarm | AHD |
arte | n.masc | art | W7 | |
artigiano | n.masc | artisan | W7 | |
Italian: | allarme | n.masc | alarm | LRC |
aritmetica | n | arithmetic | CDC | |
armadura, armatura | n | armature | CDC | |
armare | vb | to arm | CDC | |
armata | n | army, armada | CDC | |
armi | n.pl | arms | CDC | |
arte | n | art | CDC | |
articolo, articulo | n | article | CDC | |
artigiano | n | artisan | CDC | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | artì | adv | near | LRC |
ir̃ | conj/pcl | and | LRC | |
rindà | n | row, line | GED | |
Latvian: | rīdā | adv | in rows | GED |
rīdams | adv | in rows | GED | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | radi | post | for (the sake of), because of | LRC |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | armë | n.fem | arm: weapon | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | anarthros | adj | not articulated | AHD |
arariskein | vb | to fit together | W7 | |
ἀρετῆ | n.fem | virtue | LRC | |
arthron | n.neut | joint, articulation | W7 | |
arthroun | vb | to articulate | W7 | |
arthrōsis | n.fem | arthrosis | W7 | |
arithmein | vb | to count | W7 | |
arithmētikē | n.fem | arithmetic | W7 | |
arithmētikos | adj | arithmetical | W7 | |
arithmos | n.masc | number | W7 | |
ἀριστοκρατία | n.fem | aristocracy | CDC | |
aristos | adj.sup | best | W7 | |
harmonia | n.fem | scale, harmony | W7 | |
ἁρμός | n | arm, joint, shoulder | CDC | |
harmos | n.masc | joint | W7 | |
ἄρτι | adv | now | LRC | |
ἄρτιος | adj | even, exact, perfect, complete | CDC | |
ἄρτιος | adj | meet, right, proper; complete, perfect; fitted, suitable | LS | |
δι-αρθρόω | vb | to articulate, divide by joints | LRC | |
diarthrōsis | n.fem | diarthrosis | W7 | |
Ὅμερος | prop.n.masc | Homer | LRC | |
synarthrōsis | n.fem | synarthrosis | W7 | |
Armenian | ||||
Classical Armenian: | ard | adv | now; so, then | LRC |
armukn | n | elbow | LRC | |
č'arač'ar | adj | terrible | LRC | |
č'ar | adj/n | bad; evil | LRC | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | īrma | n.masc | arm | ASD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
3 | = | 3rd person |
I | = | class 1 |
abl | = | ablative (case) |
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
card | = | cardinal |
conj | = | conjunction |
dep | = | deponent |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
irr | = | irregular |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
nbr | = | number |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pcl | = | particle |
pfx | = | prefix |
pl | = | plural (number) |
post | = | postposition |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
sg | = | singular (number) |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
sup | = | superlative |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
Sal | = | Diccionario Salamanca de la Lengua Española (1996) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |