Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ā̆s-, based on it azd-, azg(h)- 'to burn, glow; ash'
Semantic Field(s): to Burn, Scorch
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | æsce, æscan | n.fem | ash(es) | CDC |
| ahse, axse | n.fem | ash | ASD | |
| asca, æsca | n.fem | ash | GED | |
| asce, acse, ascan | n.fem | ash(es) | ASD/CDC | |
| axe, æxe, axan, æxan | n | ash(es) | ASD/CDC | |
| Middle English: | a(i)sche, aschen, asches | n | ash(es) | CDC |
| ardent, arda(u)nt | adj | ardent | CDC/W7 | |
| ardour, ardeur, ardure | n | ardor | CDC/W7 | |
| ash(e), ashen, ashes | n | ash(es) | CDC | |
| aske, asken, askes | n | ash(es) | CDC | |
| ass(h)e, esche | n | ash | CDC/W7 | |
| axe, axen, axes | n | ash(es) | CDC | |
| English: | ardent | adj | passionate, impassioned | AHD/W7 |
| ardor | n | fire, zeal, passion | AHD/W7 | |
| arid | adj | persistently dry | AHD/W7 | |
| arson | n | crime of burning property | AHD/W7 | |
| ash | n | fire-leavings | AHD/W7 | |
| azalea | n | flowering shrub | AHD/W7 | |
| zamia | n | cycad tree | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | as(s) | n | ash | CDC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | asch | n | ash | CDC |
| Old High German: | asca, asga | n.fem | ash | CDC/GED |
| essa | n.fem | forge | GED | |
| Middle High German: | asche, esche | n | ash | CDC |
| German: | Asche | n.fem | ash | CDC |
| Esse | n.fem | forge, smithy, chimney | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | arinn | n | hearth, place for sacrificial fire | KNW |
| esja | n | saponite (used by smith in forge) | KNW | |
| Old Icelandic: | aska | n.fem | ash | GED |
| Danish: | aske | n | ash | CDC |
| Swedish: | arne | n | hearth | TLL |
| aska | n | ash | CDC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *azgo | n.fem | ash | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | āra | n.fem | altar | GED |
| ardens, ardentis | vb.ptc | hot, glowing; burning, ardent | LRC | |
| ardeo, ardēre | vb | to burn, glow | W7 | |
| ardor | n.masc | ardor, energy | W7 | |
| ārens, ārentis | adj | dry, thirsty | LRC | |
| āreō, ārēre | vb | to dry, be arid | CDC/GED | |
| aridus | adj | arid | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | ārsiō | n | arson | AHD |
| New Latin: | azalea | n.fem | azalea | W7 |
| zamia | n.fem | genus of cycads | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | ardor | n | ardor | CDC |
| Spanish: | ardor | n | ardor | CDC |
| Old French: | ardant | adj | ardent, burning | CDC |
| ardor, ard(o)ur | n | ardor | CDC | |
| ardre | vb | to burn | W7 | |
| ars | vb.ptc | burnt | W7 | |
| arson, ars(o)un | n.fem | arson | CDC/W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | arson | n | arson | AHD |
| Middle French: | ardent | adj | fiery, energetic | W7 |
| ardour | n.masc | ardor | W7 | |
| French: | ardeur | n | ardor | CDC |
| aride | adj | arid | W7 | |
| Old Occitan: | ardor | n | ardor | CDC |
| Italian: | ardore | n | ardor | CDC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Czech: | ozd | n | parched malt | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | azalea | n.fem | azalea | W7 |
| azaleos | adj | dry | W7 | |
| ἄζω | adj | dry | GED | |
| διψάω | vb | to thirst after | LRC | |
| πεινάω | vb | to be hungry | LRC | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | hassa- | n | hearth, ashes | GED |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | azazem | vb | to dry | GED/IEW |
| ačiun | n | ash | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ā́sas | n | ash, dust | GED |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian: | as-, ās- | adj | dry | GED |
| Tocharian A: | āsu | vb.past.ptc | dried | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
