Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: at- 'to go; year, annum'
Semantic Field(s): Year
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | anniversarie | n | anniversary | W7 |
| annual | adj | annual | W7 | |
| annuite | n | annuity | W7 | |
| English: | annals | n.pl | history, chronicles | AHD/W7 |
| anniversary | n | annual recurrence of date marking notable event | AHD/W7 | |
| annual | adj | yearly | AHD/W7 | |
| annual | n | 1-year/annual event | W7 | |
| annuity | n | annual payment | AHD/W7 | |
| annum | n | year | OED | |
| biennium | n | 2-year period | AHD/W7 | |
| decennary | adj/n | (re:) decennium | AHD | |
| decennium | n | 10-year period | AHD/W7 | |
| millennium | n | 1000-year period | AHD/W7 | |
| perennial | adj | everlasting, lit. through years | AHD/W7 | |
| quadrennium | n | 4-year period | AHD/W7 | |
| quindecennial | adj | re: 15-year period | AHD | |
| quinquennium | n | 5-year period | AHD/W7 | |
| septennial | adj | (happening) every 7 years | AHD/W7 | |
| sexennial | adj | (happening) every 6 years | AHD | |
| superannuated | adj | outmoded | AHD/W7 | |
| triennium | n | 3-year period | AHD/W7 | |
| vicennial | adj | (happening) every 20 years | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | Annalen | n.fem.pl | annals | LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *at-aþni | n.neut | year | GED |
| *aþn | n.neut | year | GED | |
| aþnam | n.neut.dat.pl | years | GED/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | acunum | n.gen.pl | of years | GED |
| akeneí | n.abl | in the year | GED | |
| Umbrian: | acnu | n.acc.pl | years | GED |
| Latin: | annales | n.fem.pl | annals | W7 |
| annalis | adj | annual | W7 | |
| anniversārius | adj | recurring annually | W7 | |
| annus, anni | n.masc | annum | GED | |
| annuus | adj | annual, lasting one year | W7 | |
| biennium | n.neut | 2-year period | GED | |
| decennium | n.neut | 10-year period | W7 | |
| -ennium | sfx | year(s) | W7 | |
| perennis | adj | lasting the entire year | GED | |
| quadriennium | n.neut | 4-year period | W7 | |
| quinquennium | n.neut | 5-year period | W7 | |
| quotannis | adv | yearly, annually | LRC | |
| triennium | n.neut | 3-year period | GED | |
| Late Latin: | annualis | adj | annual | W7 |
| septennium | n.neut | 7-year period | W7 | |
| vicennium | n.neut | 20-year period | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | anniversāria | n | anniversary | AHD |
| annuitas, annuitatis | n.fem | annuity | W7 | |
| superannuor, superannuari, superannuatus | vb.dep | to be too old | W7 | |
| New Latin: | biennium | n.neut | every 2 years | W7 |
| -ennium | sfx | year(s) | W7 | |
| millennium | n.neut | 1000-year period | W7 | |
| Old French: | annuel | adj | annual | AHD |
| Anglo-French: | annuite | n | annuity | AHD |
| Middle French: | annuel | adj | annual | W7 |
| annuité | n.fem | annuity, annual tax/rent | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | átati | vb | to go, walk | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| abl | = | ablative (case) |
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dat | = | dative (case) |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| gen | = | genitive (case) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
