Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: bend-, bṇd-no-   'spike, needle, tip jutting out'

Semantic Field(s): Sharp, Branch, Needle, Nail, Peg

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
English  
Old English: fald n fold W7
penn n.masc pen ASD/W7
pintel n penis AHD
pund n.neut pound ASD/W7
pundfald n pinfold W7
Middle English: pen n pen W7
pinfold n pinfold W7
pintel n penis, pintle W7
pond n pond, pound CDC
ponde n (artificially confined) pond W7
pound(e) n pound W7
English: impound vb to confine, enclose in pound AHD/W7
pen, pent vb.wk.trans to shut/enclose in pen W7
pen n small pound AHD/W7
pinfold n pound, place of restraint AHD/W7
pintle n pivot pin on which other part turns AHD/W7
pond n body of water smaller than lake AHD/W7
pound n enclosure for animals AHD/W7
West Germanic  
Old Frisian: pund n pound ASD
Old Low German: punt n pound ASD
Middle Low German: pint n penis W7
Old High German: pfunt n pound ASD
North Germanic  
Icelandic: pund n pound ASD
East Germanic  
Gothic: pund n pound ASD

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
trans=transitive
vb=verb
wk=weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC=W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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