Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bend-, bṇd-no- 'spike, needle, tip jutting out'
Semantic Field(s): Sharp, Branch, Needle, Nail, Peg
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | fald | n | fold | W7 |
| penn | n.masc | pen | ASD/W7 | |
| pintel | n | penis | AHD | |
| pund | n.neut | pound | ASD/W7 | |
| pundfald | n | pinfold | W7 | |
| Middle English: | pen | n | pen | W7 |
| pinfold | n | pinfold | W7 | |
| pintel | n | penis, pintle | W7 | |
| pond | n | pond, pound | CDC | |
| ponde | n | (artificially confined) pond | W7 | |
| pound(e) | n | pound | W7 | |
| English: | impound | vb | to confine, enclose in pound | AHD/W7 |
| pen, pent | vb.wk.trans | to shut/enclose in pen | W7 | |
| pen | n | small pound | AHD/W7 | |
| pinfold | n | pound, place of restraint | AHD/W7 | |
| pintle | n | pivot pin on which other part turns | AHD/W7 | |
| pond | n | body of water smaller than lake | AHD/W7 | |
| pound | n | enclosure for animals | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | pund | n | pound | ASD |
| Old Low German: | punt | n | pound | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | pint | n | penis | W7 |
| Old High German: | pfunt | n | pound | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | pund | n | pound | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | pund | n | pound | ASD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
