Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. b(e)u-, bh(e)ū̆- 'to boil, swell, puff up'
Semantic Field(s): to Grow
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | bolach | vb | to boil | GED |
Irish: | bost | n | boast | CDC |
púca | n | puck, imp, sprite | LRC | |
Gaelic: | bost | n | boast | CDC |
Cornish: | bost | n | boast | CDC |
Welsh: | bost | n | boast | CDC |
pwca | n | puck, goblin | ASD | |
English | ||||
Old English: | bēost, bȳst(ing) | n.masc | beasting(s) | ASD/W7 |
bīle, bȳl(e) | n.masc | boil, bump | ASD/GED | |
būc | n.masc | jug, bucket, pitcher; belly, stomach | ASD/IEW | |
budda | n | dung-beetle | IEW | |
ge-pōs | n.neut | pose | ASD | |
pocc | n.masc | pock | ASD/W7 | |
pocca | n.masc | bag, pocket | ASD/W7 | |
pos | n | pose | IEW | |
pūca, pūcel | n.masc | puck, goblin | ASD/W7 | |
pudd | n.masc | ditch, furrow, puddle | ASD/W7 | |
pyffan | vb | to puff | W7 | |
Middle English: | be(e)stynge, bestninge | n | beasting(s) | CDC/W7 |
big(ge), byg(ge) | adj | big, strong, lusty | CDC/IEW/MEV | |
biging | n | dwelling | MEV | |
bile | n | boil | W7 | |
bill(e) | n | bill | CDC/W7 | |
billette | n | billet | CDC | |
bocle | n | buckle | W7 | |
boilen, boylen | vb | to boil | CDC/W7 | |
boost(e), bost(e) | n | boast; pride, arrogance | CDC/MEV/W7 | |
boule, bowle | n | bowl | CDC/W7 | |
bucket | n | bucket | W7 | |
budde | n | bud; beetle | IEW | |
budden | vb | to bud | IEW | |
bugge | n | bug, beetle | IEW | |
bullace | n.pl | bolas | CDC | |
bulle | n | bull | W7 | |
bullion | n | bullion | W7 | |
byle | n | boil | CDC | |
bylet | n | billet | W7 | |
parboilen | vb | to boil thoroughly | W7 | |
pochen | vb | to poach | W7 | |
podel | n | puddle | IEW | |
poke | n | poke | W7 | |
poket | n | W7 | ||
pokke | n | pock | W7 | |
pouche | n | pouch | W7 | |
pouten | vb | to pout | W7 | |
puffen | vb | to puff | W7 | |
puke | n | puck | W7 | |
trebochet | n | trebuchet | W7 | |
English: | beastings, biestings | n.pl | colostrum (esp. of cow) | IEW/W7 |
big | adj | thick, large, of great size/force | IEW | |
bill | n | written document | AHD/W7 | |
billet | n | note, brief letter | AHD/W7 | |
billet-doux | n | love letter | AHD/W7 | |
boast | n | brag, act of boasting | AHD/W7 | |
bocaccio | n | large rockfish | AHD/W7 | |
boil | n | localized swelling due to skin gland infection | AHD/W7 | |
boil | vb | to generate vapor bubbles when heated | AHD/W7 | |
bola | n | stone/iron balls bound to cords (used as weapon) | AHD/W7 | |
boucle | n | uneven 3-ply yarn with loops at intervals | AHD/W7 | |
bouillabaisse | n | highly seasoned fish stew | AHD/W7 | |
bouillon | n | clear seasoned soup made of lean meat | AHD/W7 | |
boule | n | pear-shaped mass of synthetic sapphire | AHD/W7 | |
bouleversement | n | reversal | AHD | |
bowl | n | ball used in bowling | AHD/W7 | |
bubo | n | inflammatory swelling of lymph gland | AHD/W7 | |
buccal | adj | relating to the oral cavity | AHD/W7 | |
buckboard | n | sprung-seated four-wheeled vehicle | AHD/W7 | |
bucket | n | round vessel for solids/liquids | IEW/W7 | |
buckle | n | catch, fastener | AHD/W7 | |
Bucklebury | prop.n | hobbit town in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
bud | n | undeveloped plant shoot | IEW/W7 | |
bud | vb | to burgeon, come out, commence growth | IEW/W7 | |
budge | vb | to shift, move | AHD/W7 | |
bug | n | insect | IEW | |
bull | n | solemn papal letter sealed by bulla | AHD/W7 | |
bulla | n | round lead seal attached to papal bull | AHD/W7 | |
bullate | adj | re: puckered/blistered appearance | AHD | |
bullet | n | small round mass | AHD/W7 | |
bulletin | n | brief authoritative public notice | AHD/W7 | |
bullion | n | gold/silver considered as metal | AHD/W7 | |
bully | n | canned/pickled beef | AHD | |
debouch | vb | to march out (from defile) onto open ground | AHD/W7 | |
disembogue | vb | to flow as if from channel | AHD/W7 | |
ebullience | n | exuberance, lively/enthusiastic expression | AHD/W7 | |
embouchure | n | lip position on wind instrument | AHD/W7 | |
garboil | n | turmoil, confusion | AHD/W7 | |
parboil | vb.trans | to boil briefly as a preliminary | AHD/W7 | |
poach | vb.trans | to cook in liquid just below boiling point | AHD/W7 | |
pock | n | pustule in eruptive disease (e.g. smallpox) | AHD/W7 | |
n | purse, small bag in clothing | AHD/W7 | ||
poke | n | sack, bag | AHD/W7 | |
pose | n | catarrh, head-cold | IEW/OED | |
pouch | n | small drawstring bag | AHD/W7 | |
pout | vb | to show displeasure via sullen expression | AHD/W7 | |
puck | n | demon, evil spirit | W7 | |
pucker | vb | to gather into small folds/wrinkles | AHD | |
puckish | adj | impish, whimsical | W7 | |
puddle | n | small pool of dirty/muddy water | IEW/W7 | |
puff | vb | to blow in short gust | AHD/W7 | |
Púkel-men | prop.n.pl | Wose-like statues in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
trebuchet | n | medieval military engine for heaving missiles | AHD/W7 | |
Scots English: | böl | n | bowl | CDC |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | bēl, beil | n.fem | boil, bump | ASD/GED |
būlen | vb | to boil, swell | GED | |
Middle Dutch: | bule | n | boil | CDC |
buylen | vb | to boil, swell | GED | |
pocke | n | pock | W7 | |
Dutch: | buik | n | belly | TLL |
buil | n.fem | boil | ASD | |
Middle Low German: | bǖle | n.fem | boil, bump | GED |
Low German: | bule, büle | n | boil | CDC |
pudel | n | puddle | W7 | |
Old High German: | būlia | n.fem | boil, bump | GED |
pūlla | n.fem | boil, bump | GED | |
Middle High German: | biule | n.fem | boil, bump | GED |
German: | Bauch | n.masc | belly, stomach | TLL |
Beule | n.fem | boil | ASD | |
beulen | vb | to bulge | LRC | |
Puffen | n.neut | puffing sound | LRC | |
puffen | vb | to puff, chuff | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | beyla | n.fem | boil | ASD |
pūki | n | puck, devil | W7 | |
Old Icelandic: | Beyla | prop.n | Freyja's servant | GED |
bōla | n.fem | blain, shield boss | GED | |
Icelandic: | beyla | n | boil | CDC |
bōla | n | blain, blister | CDC | |
púki | n | puck, imp, devil | ASD | |
Norwegian: | bolen | vb.past.ptc | swollen | GED |
bōla | n | boil, bump | GED | |
Danish: | bug | n | belly | TLL |
bu(g)le | n.masc/fem | boil | ASD/CDC | |
byld | n | blain, blister | CDC | |
pokker | n | puck, deuce, devil | ASD | |
Old Swedish: | bolin | vb.past.ptc | swollen | GED |
Swedish: | buk | n | belly | TLL |
bula | n.fem | boil | ASD | |
böld | n | blain, blister | CDC | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | *uf-bauljan | vb.wk.I | to inflate | GED |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | bucca | n.fem | cheek, mouth | W7 |
buccula | n.fem.dim | little cheek/mouth | W7 | |
bulla | n.fem | bubble, amulet | W7 | |
bullio, bullire | vb | to boil, bubble | W7 | |
bullo, bullare | vb | to boil, bubble | CDC | |
Vulgar Latin: | *bilia | n | log | AHD |
bullico, bullicare | vb | to boil | W7 | |
Late Latin: | perbullio, perbullīre | vb | to boil | W7 |
Middle Latin: | billeta | n.dim | billet | CDC |
Medieval Latin: | billa | n.fem | bill | W7 |
bubo, bubonis | n.masc | pustule | W7 | |
bulla | n | bulla, document seal | AHD | |
New Latin: | bulla | n.fem | bulla, bubble | W7 |
Portuguese: | bola | n | bowl | CDC |
bulir | vb | to boil, move, stir, be active | CDC | |
Spanish: | boca | n.fem | mouth | W7 |
bocacha | n.fem | mouth | W7 | |
bola | n.fem | ball, bowl | W7 | |
bullir | vb | to boil | CDC | |
desembocar | vb | to vomit | W7 | |
embocar | vb | to put into the mouth | W7 | |
Old French: | billette | n | billet, official register | AHD |
boillir | vb | to boil | W7 | |
boillon | n.masc | broth | W7 | |
boule | n | bowl | CDC | |
bulle | n | document | AHD | |
pochier | vb | to pocket, put into a bag | W7 | |
Old North French: | pokete | n.fem.dim | small bag | W7 |
Anglo-French: | bille | n | bill | CDC |
billette | n | billet | CDC | |
buket | n | bucket, pitcher | W7 | |
bullion | n.masc | mint | W7 | |
Middle French: | billette | n.fem.dim | log | W7 |
bocle | n.fem | buckle, shield boss | W7 | |
bouger | vb | to move, budge | W7 | |
boule | n.fem | ball | W7 | |
boulet | n.masc | missile | W7 | |
boulette | n.fem.dim | small ball | W7 | |
bulle | n.fem | document | W7 | |
garbouil | n.masc | garboil | W7 | |
parboillir | vb | to parboil | W7 | |
pocher | vb | to poach; put into a bag | W7 | |
trébuchet | n.masc | trebuchet | W7 | |
French: | billet(te) | n | billet | CDC |
bouche | n.fem | mouth | W7 | |
boucle | n.fem | curl, buckle | W7 | |
bouclé | adj | curly | W7 | |
boucler | vb | to curl, fasten (e.g. belt buckle) | W7 | |
bouillabaisse | n | bouillabaisse | W7 | |
bouillir | vb | to boil | CDC | |
bouillon | n.masc | broth, bouillon | W7 | |
boule | n.fem | ball, bowl | W7 | |
bouleversement | n | bouleversement | W7 | |
bulletin | n.masc | report, bulletin | W7 | |
déboucher | vb | to unplug | W7 | |
embouchure | n.fem | embouchure | W7 | |
Old Occitan: | bola | n | bowl | CDC |
Provençal: | bulhir, buillir | vb | to boil | CDC |
Italian: | boccaccia | n.fem | large ugly mouth | CDC |
bolla, bulla | n | bowl | CDC | |
bollire | vb | to boil | CDC | |
bulla | n.fem | papal edict | W7 | |
bullettino | n.masc.dim | little bulletin | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | bulìs | n | buttock | GED |
Slavic | ||||
Slovenian: | búliti | vb | to swell | GED |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | boubōn | n.masc | groin | W7 |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | boil | n | herd, multitude | GED |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | buriṣ | n | buttock | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
adj | = | adjective |
dim | = | diminutive |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
past | = | past (tense) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |