Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. b(e)u-, bh(e)ū̆- 'to boil, swell, puff up'
Semantic Field(s): to Grow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | bolach | vb | to boil | GED |
| Irish: | bost | n | boast | CDC |
| púca | n | puck, imp, sprite | LRC | |
| Gaelic: | bost | n | boast | CDC |
| Cornish: | bost | n | boast | CDC |
| Welsh: | bost | n | boast | CDC |
| pwca | n | puck, goblin | ASD | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bēost, bȳst(ing) | n.masc | beasting(s) | ASD/W7 |
| bīle, bȳl(e) | n.masc | boil, bump | ASD/GED | |
| būc | n.masc | jug, bucket, pitcher; belly, stomach | ASD/IEW | |
| budda | n | dung-beetle | IEW | |
| ge-pōs | n.neut | pose | ASD | |
| pocc | n.masc | pock | ASD/W7 | |
| pocca | n.masc | bag, pocket | ASD/W7 | |
| pos | n | pose | IEW | |
| pūca, pūcel | n.masc | puck, goblin | ASD/W7 | |
| pudd | n.masc | ditch, furrow, puddle | ASD/W7 | |
| pyffan | vb | to puff | W7 | |
| Middle English: | be(e)stynge, bestninge | n | beasting(s) | CDC/W7 |
| big(ge), byg(ge) | adj | big, strong, lusty | CDC/IEW/MEV | |
| biging | n | dwelling | MEV | |
| bile | n | boil | W7 | |
| bill(e) | n | bill | CDC/W7 | |
| billette | n | billet | CDC | |
| bocle | n | buckle | W7 | |
| boilen, boylen | vb | to boil | CDC/W7 | |
| boost(e), bost(e) | n | boast; pride, arrogance | CDC/MEV/W7 | |
| boule, bowle | n | bowl | CDC/W7 | |
| bucket | n | bucket | W7 | |
| budde | n | bud; beetle | IEW | |
| budden | vb | to bud | IEW | |
| bugge | n | bug, beetle | IEW | |
| bullace | n.pl | bolas | CDC | |
| bulle | n | bull | W7 | |
| bullion | n | bullion | W7 | |
| byle | n | boil | CDC | |
| bylet | n | billet | W7 | |
| parboilen | vb | to boil thoroughly | W7 | |
| pochen | vb | to poach | W7 | |
| podel | n | puddle | IEW | |
| poke | n | poke | W7 | |
| poket | n | W7 | ||
| pokke | n | pock | W7 | |
| pouche | n | pouch | W7 | |
| pouten | vb | to pout | W7 | |
| puffen | vb | to puff | W7 | |
| puke | n | puck | W7 | |
| trebochet | n | trebuchet | W7 | |
| English: | beastings, biestings | n.pl | colostrum (esp. of cow) | IEW/W7 |
| big | adj | thick, large, of great size/force | IEW | |
| bill | n | written document | AHD/W7 | |
| billet | n | note, brief letter | AHD/W7 | |
| billet-doux | n | love letter | AHD/W7 | |
| boast | n | brag, act of boasting | AHD/W7 | |
| bocaccio | n | large rockfish | AHD/W7 | |
| boil | n | localized swelling due to skin gland infection | AHD/W7 | |
| boil | vb | to generate vapor bubbles when heated | AHD/W7 | |
| bola | n | stone/iron balls bound to cords (used as weapon) | AHD/W7 | |
| boucle | n | uneven 3-ply yarn with loops at intervals | AHD/W7 | |
| bouillabaisse | n | highly seasoned fish stew | AHD/W7 | |
| bouillon | n | clear seasoned soup made of lean meat | AHD/W7 | |
| boule | n | pear-shaped mass of synthetic sapphire | AHD/W7 | |
| bouleversement | n | reversal | AHD | |
| bowl | n | ball used in bowling | AHD/W7 | |
| bubo | n | inflammatory swelling of lymph gland | AHD/W7 | |
| buccal | adj | relating to the oral cavity | AHD/W7 | |
| buckboard | n | sprung-seated four-wheeled vehicle | AHD/W7 | |
| bucket | n | round vessel for solids/liquids | IEW/W7 | |
| buckle | n | catch, fastener | AHD/W7 | |
| Bucklebury | prop.n | hobbit town in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| bud | n | undeveloped plant shoot | IEW/W7 | |
| bud | vb | to burgeon, come out, commence growth | IEW/W7 | |
| budge | vb | to shift, move | AHD/W7 | |
| bug | n | insect | IEW | |
| bull | n | solemn papal letter sealed by bulla | AHD/W7 | |
| bulla | n | round lead seal attached to papal bull | AHD/W7 | |
| bullate | adj | re: puckered/blistered appearance | AHD | |
| bullet | n | small round mass | AHD/W7 | |
| bulletin | n | brief authoritative public notice | AHD/W7 | |
| bullion | n | gold/silver considered as metal | AHD/W7 | |
| bully | n | canned/pickled beef | AHD | |
| debouch | vb | to march out (from defile) onto open ground | AHD/W7 | |
| disembogue | vb | to flow as if from channel | AHD/W7 | |
| ebullience | n | exuberance, lively/enthusiastic expression | AHD/W7 | |
| embouchure | n | lip position on wind instrument | AHD/W7 | |
| garboil | n | turmoil, confusion | AHD/W7 | |
| parboil | vb.trans | to boil briefly as a preliminary | AHD/W7 | |
| poach | vb.trans | to cook in liquid just below boiling point | AHD/W7 | |
| pock | n | pustule in eruptive disease (e.g. smallpox) | AHD/W7 | |
| n | purse, small bag in clothing | AHD/W7 | ||
| poke | n | sack, bag | AHD/W7 | |
| pose | n | catarrh, head-cold | IEW/OED | |
| pouch | n | small drawstring bag | AHD/W7 | |
| pout | vb | to show displeasure via sullen expression | AHD/W7 | |
| puck | n | demon, evil spirit | W7 | |
| pucker | vb | to gather into small folds/wrinkles | AHD | |
| puckish | adj | impish, whimsical | W7 | |
| puddle | n | small pool of dirty/muddy water | IEW/W7 | |
| puff | vb | to blow in short gust | AHD/W7 | |
| Púkel-men | prop.n.pl | Wose-like statues in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| trebuchet | n | medieval military engine for heaving missiles | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | böl | n | bowl | CDC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | bēl, beil | n.fem | boil, bump | ASD/GED |
| būlen | vb | to boil, swell | GED | |
| Middle Dutch: | bule | n | boil | CDC |
| buylen | vb | to boil, swell | GED | |
| pocke | n | pock | W7 | |
| Dutch: | buik | n | belly | TLL |
| buil | n.fem | boil | ASD | |
| Middle Low German: | bǖle | n.fem | boil, bump | GED |
| Low German: | bule, büle | n | boil | CDC |
| pudel | n | puddle | W7 | |
| Old High German: | būlia | n.fem | boil, bump | GED |
| pūlla | n.fem | boil, bump | GED | |
| Middle High German: | biule | n.fem | boil, bump | GED |
| German: | Bauch | n.masc | belly, stomach | TLL |
| Beule | n.fem | boil | ASD | |
| beulen | vb | to bulge | LRC | |
| Puffen | n.neut | puffing sound | LRC | |
| puffen | vb | to puff, chuff | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | beyla | n.fem | boil | ASD |
| pūki | n | puck, devil | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | Beyla | prop.n | Freyja's servant | GED |
| bōla | n.fem | blain, shield boss | GED | |
| Icelandic: | beyla | n | boil | CDC |
| bōla | n | blain, blister | CDC | |
| púki | n | puck, imp, devil | ASD | |
| Norwegian: | bolen | vb.past.ptc | swollen | GED |
| bōla | n | boil, bump | GED | |
| Danish: | bug | n | belly | TLL |
| bu(g)le | n.masc/fem | boil | ASD/CDC | |
| byld | n | blain, blister | CDC | |
| pokker | n | puck, deuce, devil | ASD | |
| Old Swedish: | bolin | vb.past.ptc | swollen | GED |
| Swedish: | buk | n | belly | TLL |
| bula | n.fem | boil | ASD | |
| böld | n | blain, blister | CDC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *uf-bauljan | vb.wk.I | to inflate | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | bucca | n.fem | cheek, mouth | W7 |
| buccula | n.fem.dim | little cheek/mouth | W7 | |
| bulla | n.fem | bubble, amulet | W7 | |
| bullio, bullire | vb | to boil, bubble | W7 | |
| bullo, bullare | vb | to boil, bubble | CDC | |
| Vulgar Latin: | *bilia | n | log | AHD |
| bullico, bullicare | vb | to boil | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | perbullio, perbullīre | vb | to boil | W7 |
| Middle Latin: | billeta | n.dim | billet | CDC |
| Medieval Latin: | billa | n.fem | bill | W7 |
| bubo, bubonis | n.masc | pustule | W7 | |
| bulla | n | bulla, document seal | AHD | |
| New Latin: | bulla | n.fem | bulla, bubble | W7 |
| Portuguese: | bola | n | bowl | CDC |
| bulir | vb | to boil, move, stir, be active | CDC | |
| Spanish: | boca | n.fem | mouth | W7 |
| bocacha | n.fem | mouth | W7 | |
| bola | n.fem | ball, bowl | W7 | |
| bullir | vb | to boil | CDC | |
| desembocar | vb | to vomit | W7 | |
| embocar | vb | to put into the mouth | W7 | |
| Old French: | billette | n | billet, official register | AHD |
| boillir | vb | to boil | W7 | |
| boillon | n.masc | broth | W7 | |
| boule | n | bowl | CDC | |
| bulle | n | document | AHD | |
| pochier | vb | to pocket, put into a bag | W7 | |
| Old North French: | pokete | n.fem.dim | small bag | W7 |
| Anglo-French: | bille | n | bill | CDC |
| billette | n | billet | CDC | |
| buket | n | bucket, pitcher | W7 | |
| bullion | n.masc | mint | W7 | |
| Middle French: | billette | n.fem.dim | log | W7 |
| bocle | n.fem | buckle, shield boss | W7 | |
| bouger | vb | to move, budge | W7 | |
| boule | n.fem | ball | W7 | |
| boulet | n.masc | missile | W7 | |
| boulette | n.fem.dim | small ball | W7 | |
| bulle | n.fem | document | W7 | |
| garbouil | n.masc | garboil | W7 | |
| parboillir | vb | to parboil | W7 | |
| pocher | vb | to poach; put into a bag | W7 | |
| trébuchet | n.masc | trebuchet | W7 | |
| French: | billet(te) | n | billet | CDC |
| bouche | n.fem | mouth | W7 | |
| boucle | n.fem | curl, buckle | W7 | |
| bouclé | adj | curly | W7 | |
| boucler | vb | to curl, fasten (e.g. belt buckle) | W7 | |
| bouillabaisse | n | bouillabaisse | W7 | |
| bouillir | vb | to boil | CDC | |
| bouillon | n.masc | broth, bouillon | W7 | |
| boule | n.fem | ball, bowl | W7 | |
| bouleversement | n | bouleversement | W7 | |
| bulletin | n.masc | report, bulletin | W7 | |
| déboucher | vb | to unplug | W7 | |
| embouchure | n.fem | embouchure | W7 | |
| Old Occitan: | bola | n | bowl | CDC |
| Provençal: | bulhir, buillir | vb | to boil | CDC |
| Italian: | boccaccia | n.fem | large ugly mouth | CDC |
| bolla, bulla | n | bowl | CDC | |
| bollire | vb | to boil | CDC | |
| bulla | n.fem | papal edict | W7 | |
| bullettino | n.masc.dim | little bulletin | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | bulìs | n | buttock | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Slovenian: | búliti | vb | to swell | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | boubōn | n.masc | groin | W7 |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | boil | n | herd, multitude | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | buriṣ | n | buttock | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
