Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. bhag- 'to divide, apportion'
Semantic Field(s): to Divide
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | ysophagus | n | esophagus | W7 |
| English: | baksheesh | n | tip, gift, windfall, gratuity | AHD/W7 |
| bhakti | n | devotion to deity (Hinduism) | AHD/W7 | |
| buckshee | n | baksheesh | AHD/W7 | |
| esophagus | n | muscular tube leading from pharynx to stomach | AHD/W7 | |
| nebbish | n | timid weak-willed person | AHD | |
| pagoda | n | Far Eastern tower erected as temple/memorial | AHD/W7 | |
| -phage | n.sfx | one that eats | AHD/W7 | |
| -phagous | adj.sfx | re: eating | AHD/W7 | |
| porgy | n | white perch: marine food fish | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Yiddish: | nebekh | adj | poor, unfortunate | AHD |
| Italic | ||||
| New Latin: | -phagia | n.sfx | -phage | W7 |
| Portuguese: | pagoda | n.fem | oriental idol/temple | W7 |
| Slavic | ||||
| Czech: | neboh | adj | poor, unfortunate, lit. not rich | AHD |
| Old Church Slavonic: | bogatъ | adj | rich | LRC |
| bogatěti, bogatějǫ, bogatěješi | vb | to be rich | LRC | |
| bogъ | n.masc | god | LRC | |
| ubogъ | adj | poor, not rich | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | oisophagos | n.masc | esophagus | W7 |
| phagein | vb | to eat | W7 | |
| -phagos | afx | who eats | W7 | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Middle Persian: | bakhshīdan | vb | to give presents | AHD |
| bakhshishn | n | baksheesh | AHD | |
| Persian: | bakhshīdan | vb | to give | W7 |
| bakhshīsh | n | baksheesh | W7 | |
| Avestan: | bakhsh- | vb | to give presents | AHD |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | bhakti | n | portion; devotion to deity | W7 |
| bhájati | vb | to receive, distribute | RPN | |
| Hindi: | bakhsis | n | baksheesh, something extra obtained free | W7 |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | pāke | n | part, portion | RPN |
| Tocharian A: | pāk | n | part, portion | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| afx | = | affix |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
