Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhāgó-s 'beech (tree)'
Semantic Field(s): Beech, Tree, Oak
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | bēce, bǣce, beōce | n.wk.fem | beech | ASD/GED |
bōc, bēc | n.str.fem | book(s), record(s) | GED | |
bōc | n.wk.fem | beech | GED | |
bōcere | n.str.masc | writer | GED | |
bōc-hūs | n.neut | library, lit. book-house | MEV | |
bōc-stǣf | n.str.neut | letter (of alphabet) | GED | |
Middle English: | beche | n | beech | W7 |
boc, bok(e), book(e) | n | book | MEV/W7 | |
boc-hous | n | library, lit. book-house | MEV | |
English: | beech | n | grey/white smooth-barked hardwood tree | AHD/W7 |
Beechbone | prop.n | Ent name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
book | n | written work with pages bound together | AHD/W7 | |
buckwheat | n | Asian plant with small edible triangular seeds | AHD/W7 | |
Scots English: | buik, beuk, buke | n | book | CDC |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | bōk | n.str.fem | book | GED |
Frisian: | boek | n.neut | book | ASD |
bok | n.fem | book | ASD | |
Old Dutch: | boeke | n | beech | CDC |
Middle Dutch: | boeck | n | book | CDC |
Dutch: | beuk(e) | n.fem | beech | ASD |
boec | n | beech | W7 | |
boek | n.neut | book | ASD/CDC | |
boekweit | n | buckwheat | W7 | |
Flemish: | boek | n | beech | CDC |
Old Saxon: | bōk | n.str.fem/neut | book, writing-tablet | GED |
bōk(ia) | n.wk.fem | beech | GED | |
bōk-staƀo | n.wk.masc | letter (of alphabet) | GED | |
bōk-staf | n.str.masc | letter (of alphabet) | GED | |
Old Low German: | bōk | n | book | CDC |
bōke, bóke | n | beech | CDC | |
Low German: | baike | n | beech | CDC |
book | n | book | CDC | |
Old High German: | bōk | n | beech | CDC |
buocha | n.wk.fem | beech | GED | |
buoh, bōh | n.str.neut | book | ASD/GED | |
buohha | n | beech tree | W7 | |
buohhāri | n.str.masc | scribe | GED | |
buoh-stap | n.str.masc | letter (of alphabet) | GED | |
Middle High German: | buoch | n.neut | book | ASD/CDC |
buoche | n | beech | CDC | |
buoch-stabe | n.wk.masc | letter (of alphabet) | GED | |
Buohhunna | prop.n | Beech Wood | GED | |
German: | Buch | n.neut | book | CDC |
Buche | n.fem | beech | ASD | |
Buchstabe | n.masc | letter (of alphabet) | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | bók | n.str.fem | book | LRC |
Old Icelandic: | bōk, bøkr | n.str.fem | book(s) | GED |
bōk | n.str.fem | beech | GED | |
bōk-stafr | n.str.masc | letter (of alphabet) | GED | |
Icelandic: | baukr | n | box | GED |
beyki | n | beech forest | GED | |
bōk | n.fem | book | CDC | |
Danish: | bog | n | book | CDC |
bøg | n | beech | CDC/TLL | |
Swedish: | bok | n | beech | CDC |
bok | n.fem | book | ASD/CDC | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | bōk | n.neut | letter (of alphabet) | CDC |
*bōka | n | beech | CDC | |
bōk(a) | n.fem/neut.pl | (letters comprising) book, writing, document | CDC | |
boka | n.fem | book, letter (of alphabet) | GED | |
bokareis | n.masc | scribe, writer | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | fāgus | n.fem | beech(-tree) | GED |
Middle Latin: | Boconia | prop.n | Beech Wood | GED |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | bùkas, bū̃kas | n | beech | GED |
Slavic | ||||
Polish: | buk | n | beech | CDC |
buk | n | beech | GED | |
Czech: | buk | n | beech | CDC |
Serbian: | bukva | n | beech | CDC |
Old Church Slavonic: | bukva | n.fem | book | ASD |
bukvamъ | n.fem.dat.pl | letters | GED | |
bukvarǐ | n | abecedarium | CDC | |
bukui, bukuve | n | beech | CDC | |
bukui | n | letter | CDC | |
bukui | n.pl | (letters comprising) writing | CDC | |
bukъvi | n.fem.pl | epistle, document | GED | |
Bulgarian: | buk | n | beech | CDC |
Russian: | buz | n | alder | GED |
buziná | n.fem | alder | GED | |
bukva | n | letter | CDC | |
bukŭ | n | beech | CDC | |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | bungë | n | oak | GED |
Hellenic | ||||
Doric: | φᾱγός | n | oak, acorn | GED |
Attic: | φαγεῖν | vb | to eat | GED |
φηγός | n.fem | oak, acorn | GED | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | bhákṣati | vb | to eat | GED |
bhájati | vb | to distribute | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
dat | = | dative (case) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |