Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhāgó-s 'beech (tree)'
Semantic Field(s): Beech, Tree, Oak
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bēce, bǣce, beōce | n.wk.fem | beech | ASD/GED |
| bōc, bēc | n.str.fem | book(s), record(s) | GED | |
| bōc | n.wk.fem | beech | GED | |
| bōcere | n.str.masc | writer | GED | |
| bōc-hūs | n.neut | library, lit. book-house | MEV | |
| bōc-stǣf | n.str.neut | letter (of alphabet) | GED | |
| Middle English: | beche | n | beech | W7 |
| boc, bok(e), book(e) | n | book | MEV/W7 | |
| boc-hous | n | library, lit. book-house | MEV | |
| English: | beech | n | grey/white smooth-barked hardwood tree | AHD/W7 |
| Beechbone | prop.n | Ent name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| book | n | written work with pages bound together | AHD/W7 | |
| buckwheat | n | Asian plant with small edible triangular seeds | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | buik, beuk, buke | n | book | CDC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | bōk | n.str.fem | book | GED |
| Frisian: | boek | n.neut | book | ASD |
| bok | n.fem | book | ASD | |
| Old Dutch: | boeke | n | beech | CDC |
| Middle Dutch: | boeck | n | book | CDC |
| Dutch: | beuk(e) | n.fem | beech | ASD |
| boec | n | beech | W7 | |
| boek | n.neut | book | ASD/CDC | |
| boekweit | n | buckwheat | W7 | |
| Flemish: | boek | n | beech | CDC |
| Old Saxon: | bōk | n.str.fem/neut | book, writing-tablet | GED |
| bōk(ia) | n.wk.fem | beech | GED | |
| bōk-staƀo | n.wk.masc | letter (of alphabet) | GED | |
| bōk-staf | n.str.masc | letter (of alphabet) | GED | |
| Old Low German: | bōk | n | book | CDC |
| bōke, bóke | n | beech | CDC | |
| Low German: | baike | n | beech | CDC |
| book | n | book | CDC | |
| Old High German: | bōk | n | beech | CDC |
| buocha | n.wk.fem | beech | GED | |
| buoh, bōh | n.str.neut | book | ASD/GED | |
| buohha | n | beech tree | W7 | |
| buohhāri | n.str.masc | scribe | GED | |
| buoh-stap | n.str.masc | letter (of alphabet) | GED | |
| Middle High German: | buoch | n.neut | book | ASD/CDC |
| buoche | n | beech | CDC | |
| buoch-stabe | n.wk.masc | letter (of alphabet) | GED | |
| Buohhunna | prop.n | Beech Wood | GED | |
| German: | Buch | n.neut | book | CDC |
| Buche | n.fem | beech | ASD | |
| Buchstabe | n.masc | letter (of alphabet) | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | bók | n.str.fem | book | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | bōk, bøkr | n.str.fem | book(s) | GED |
| bōk | n.str.fem | beech | GED | |
| bōk-stafr | n.str.masc | letter (of alphabet) | GED | |
| Icelandic: | baukr | n | box | GED |
| beyki | n | beech forest | GED | |
| bōk | n.fem | book | CDC | |
| Danish: | bog | n | book | CDC |
| bøg | n | beech | CDC/TLL | |
| Swedish: | bok | n | beech | CDC |
| bok | n.fem | book | ASD/CDC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | bōk | n.neut | letter (of alphabet) | CDC |
| *bōka | n | beech | CDC | |
| bōk(a) | n.fem/neut.pl | (letters comprising) book, writing, document | CDC | |
| boka | n.fem | book, letter (of alphabet) | GED | |
| bokareis | n.masc | scribe, writer | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | fāgus | n.fem | beech(-tree) | GED |
| Middle Latin: | Boconia | prop.n | Beech Wood | GED |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | bùkas, bū̃kas | n | beech | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Polish: | buk | n | beech | CDC |
| buk | n | beech | GED | |
| Czech: | buk | n | beech | CDC |
| Serbian: | bukva | n | beech | CDC |
| Old Church Slavonic: | bukva | n.fem | book | ASD |
| bukvamъ | n.fem.dat.pl | letters | GED | |
| bukvarǐ | n | abecedarium | CDC | |
| bukui, bukuve | n | beech | CDC | |
| bukui | n | letter | CDC | |
| bukui | n.pl | (letters comprising) writing | CDC | |
| bukъvi | n.fem.pl | epistle, document | GED | |
| Bulgarian: | buk | n | beech | CDC |
| Russian: | buz | n | alder | GED |
| buziná | n.fem | alder | GED | |
| bukva | n | letter | CDC | |
| bukŭ | n | beech | CDC | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | bungë | n | oak | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Doric: | φᾱγός | n | oak, acorn | GED |
| Attic: | φαγεῖν | vb | to eat | GED |
| φηγός | n.fem | oak, acorn | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | bhákṣati | vb | to eat | GED |
| bhájati | vb | to distribute | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| dat | = | dative (case) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |