Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. bheug-, bheugh- 'to bow, flex, bend, crook'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | bocc | adj | soft | W7 |
Irish: | bog | adj | soft, moist, tender | CDC |
bogach | n | bog, moor, morass | CDC | |
Scots Gaelic: | bog | adj | soft, moist, tender | CDC |
bogan | n | bog, morass, quagmire | CDC | |
English | ||||
Old English: | bē(a)g, bē(a)h, bǣh | n.masc | bee, crown, garland, collar, bracelet | ASD/W7 |
bōg | n | bough | W7 | |
boga | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD/W7 | |
būgan, bēah, bugon, bogen | vb | to bow: submit | ASD/W7 | |
būhsum | adj | buxom | W7 | |
bȳgan, bīg(e)an, bēgan | vb.wk.trans | to bow: bend, flex, curve | CDC | |
byht | n.masc | bight | ASD/W7 | |
forbūgan, forbēah, forbugon, forbogen | vb.str.II | to flee from | LRC | |
regn-boga | n.masc | rainbow | ASD | |
stān-boga | n.masc | arch, bridge, lit. stone-bow | ASD | |
Middle English: | beghe, byghe, by(e), bie, beh | n | bee | CDC/MEV/W7 |
beyen, beien | vb | to bow: bend, flex, curve | OED | |
bight, bycht, byzt | n | bight | CDC/W7 | |
bogge | n | bog | CDC | |
boghe, boze | n | bow: submission | CDC | |
bowe | n | bow: arch | W7 | |
bowen | vb | to bow | W7 | |
buxsum | adj | buxom | W7 | |
English: | akimbo | adj/adv | with hand on hip and elbow turned outward | AHD/W7 |
bagel | n | hard doughnut-shaped roll | AHD/W7 | |
bee | n.obs | metal ring/torque | OED | |
bight | n | bend, angle, corner | AHD/W7 | |
bog | n | marsh, wet spongy ground | AHD/W7 | |
bow | n | arch, bend, something bent/curved | AHD/W7 | |
bow | n | submission, bending of head/body | W7 | |
bow | vb | to yield, defer, submit | AHD/W7 | |
bow | vb | to flex, bend into curve | AHD/W7 | |
buxom | adj | yielding, tractable, obedient | AHD/W7 | |
rainbow | n | rain/mist/spray reflecting/refracting sun's rays in colored arc | TLL | |
Stonebows | prop.n.pl | a.k.a. Brandywine Bridge in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | boga | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD |
Frisian: | boage | n | bow: arch | ASD |
Middle Dutch: | būghen | vb | to bow: submit | OED |
Dutch: | bocht | n | bight | CDC |
bogt | n.fem | bight | ASD | |
boog | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD | |
buigen | vb | to bow: submit | OED | |
regenboog | n | rainbow | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | bāg | n | bee | CDC |
bōg | n.masc | bee | ASD | |
bogo | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD | |
*būgan | vb | to bow: submit | CDC/OED | |
Middle Low German: | boge | n | bow: arch | CDC |
būgen | vb | to bow: submit | OED | |
Old High German: | biogan | vb | to bow: submit | OED/W7 |
bogo | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD | |
boug, bouc | n | bee | CDC/W7 | |
pouc | n.masc | bee | ASD | |
Middle High German: | biegen | vb | to bow: bend, flex, curve | OED |
boge | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD | |
bouc | n.masc | bee | ASD | |
*böugel | n.dim | little ring | AHD | |
German: | beugen | vb | to bow: submit | LRC |
biegen | vb | to bow: bend, flex, curve | LRC | |
Boge(n) | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD | |
Bucht | n.fem | bight | ASD | |
Bügel | n | hoop, handle | LRC | |
Regenbogen | n | rainbow | TLL | |
Yiddish: | beygel | n | bagel | W7 |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | baugr | n.masc | bee | ASD |
*bjúga | vb | to bow: submit | OED | |
bōgr | n | bow: arch | W7 | |
Icelandic: | baugr | n | bee | CDC |
bogi | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD | |
buga | vb.wk | to bow: submit | CDC | |
bygð | n.fem | bight | ASD | |
stein-bogi | n | stone arch | ASD | |
Danish: | bue | n | bow: arch | ASD |
bugt | n.masc/fem | bight | ASD | |
regnbue | n | rainbow | TLL | |
Old Swedish: | boghi | n | bow: arch | CDC |
Swedish: | buga | vb.wk | to bow: submit | CDC |
bugt | n.masc | bight | ASD | |
båge | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD | |
regnbåge | n | rainbow | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | biugan | vb | to bow: submit | OED |
bugjan | vb.wk.I | to buy | LRC | |
Crimean Gothic: | boga | n | bow: arch | CGo |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | bhujati | vb | to bend | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
II | = | class 2 |
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
dim | = | diminutive |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
obs | = | obsolete |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |