Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. bheug-, bheugh- 'to bow, flex, bend, crook'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | bocc | adj | soft | W7 |
| Irish: | bog | adj | soft, moist, tender | CDC |
| bogach | n | bog, moor, morass | CDC | |
| Scots Gaelic: | bog | adj | soft, moist, tender | CDC |
| bogan | n | bog, morass, quagmire | CDC | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bē(a)g, bē(a)h, bǣh | n.masc | bee, crown, garland, collar, bracelet | ASD/W7 |
| bōg | n | bough | W7 | |
| boga | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD/W7 | |
| būgan, bēah, bugon, bogen | vb | to bow: submit | ASD/W7 | |
| būhsum | adj | buxom | W7 | |
| bȳgan, bīg(e)an, bēgan | vb.wk.trans | to bow: bend, flex, curve | CDC | |
| byht | n.masc | bight | ASD/W7 | |
| forbūgan, forbēah, forbugon, forbogen | vb.str.II | to flee from | LRC | |
| regn-boga | n.masc | rainbow | ASD | |
| stān-boga | n.masc | arch, bridge, lit. stone-bow | ASD | |
| Middle English: | beghe, byghe, by(e), bie, beh | n | bee | CDC/MEV/W7 |
| beyen, beien | vb | to bow: bend, flex, curve | OED | |
| bight, bycht, byzt | n | bight | CDC/W7 | |
| bogge | n | bog | CDC | |
| boghe, boze | n | bow: submission | CDC | |
| bowe | n | bow: arch | W7 | |
| bowen | vb | to bow | W7 | |
| buxsum | adj | buxom | W7 | |
| English: | akimbo | adj/adv | with hand on hip and elbow turned outward | AHD/W7 |
| bagel | n | hard doughnut-shaped roll | AHD/W7 | |
| bee | n.obs | metal ring/torque | OED | |
| bight | n | bend, angle, corner | AHD/W7 | |
| bog | n | marsh, wet spongy ground | AHD/W7 | |
| bow | n | arch, bend, something bent/curved | AHD/W7 | |
| bow | n | submission, bending of head/body | W7 | |
| bow | vb | to yield, defer, submit | AHD/W7 | |
| bow | vb | to flex, bend into curve | AHD/W7 | |
| buxom | adj | yielding, tractable, obedient | AHD/W7 | |
| rainbow | n | rain/mist/spray reflecting/refracting sun's rays in colored arc | TLL | |
| Stonebows | prop.n.pl | a.k.a. Brandywine Bridge in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | boga | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD |
| Frisian: | boage | n | bow: arch | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | būghen | vb | to bow: submit | OED |
| Dutch: | bocht | n | bight | CDC |
| bogt | n.fem | bight | ASD | |
| boog | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD | |
| buigen | vb | to bow: submit | OED | |
| regenboog | n | rainbow | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | bāg | n | bee | CDC |
| bōg | n.masc | bee | ASD | |
| bogo | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD | |
| *būgan | vb | to bow: submit | CDC/OED | |
| Middle Low German: | boge | n | bow: arch | CDC |
| būgen | vb | to bow: submit | OED | |
| Old High German: | biogan | vb | to bow: submit | OED/W7 |
| bogo | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD | |
| boug, bouc | n | bee | CDC/W7 | |
| pouc | n.masc | bee | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | biegen | vb | to bow: bend, flex, curve | OED |
| boge | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD | |
| bouc | n.masc | bee | ASD | |
| *böugel | n.dim | little ring | AHD | |
| German: | beugen | vb | to bow: submit | LRC |
| biegen | vb | to bow: bend, flex, curve | LRC | |
| Boge(n) | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD | |
| Bucht | n.fem | bight | ASD | |
| Bügel | n | hoop, handle | LRC | |
| Regenbogen | n | rainbow | TLL | |
| Yiddish: | beygel | n | bagel | W7 |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | baugr | n.masc | bee | ASD |
| *bjúga | vb | to bow: submit | OED | |
| bōgr | n | bow: arch | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | baugr | n | bee | CDC |
| bogi | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD | |
| buga | vb.wk | to bow: submit | CDC | |
| bygð | n.fem | bight | ASD | |
| stein-bogi | n | stone arch | ASD | |
| Danish: | bue | n | bow: arch | ASD |
| bugt | n.masc/fem | bight | ASD | |
| regnbue | n | rainbow | TLL | |
| Old Swedish: | boghi | n | bow: arch | CDC |
| Swedish: | buga | vb.wk | to bow: submit | CDC |
| bugt | n.masc | bight | ASD | |
| båge | n.masc | bow: arch | ASD | |
| regnbåge | n | rainbow | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | biugan | vb | to bow: submit | OED |
| bugjan | vb.wk.I | to buy | LRC | |
| Crimean Gothic: | boga | n | bow: arch | CGo |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | bhujati | vb | to bend | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| obs | = | obsolete |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |