Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhlag̑- 'to hit, flog, flail'
Semantic Field(s): to Hit, Strike, Beat
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | flegel | n | flail | W7 |
| Middle English: | bakke, backe | n | bat | CDC/W7 |
| flagicious | adj | flagitious | W7 | |
| flail, fleil | n | flail | W7 | |
| English: | bat | n | nocturnal flying mammal | AHD/W7 |
| flagellate | adj | having flagellae | AHD/W7 | |
| flagellate | n | flagellate protozoan/alga | AHD/W7 | |
| flagellate | vb.trans | to flail, whip | AHD/W7 | |
| flagellum | n | elongated filiform appendages, as | AHD/W7 | |
| flagitious | adj | villainous, marked by outrageous/scandalous crime/vice | AHD/W7 | |
| flail | n | threshing implement | AHD/W7 | |
| flail | vb | to thrash, strike/thresh with flail | W7 | |
| flog | vb.trans | to lash, beat with rod/whip | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | bak, buck | n | bat | CDC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | flegil | n | flail | W7 |
| German: | Flegel | n.masc | flail; boor, brat | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | blaka | vb | to wave | W7 |
| Icelandic: | blaka | n | bat | CDC |
| Danish: | bakke | n | bat | CDC |
| Old Swedish: | bakka | n | bat | CDC |
| nattbakka | n | bat | W7 | |
| Swedish: | batta, blacka | n | bat | CDC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | blatta | n | cockroach | CDC |
| flagellō, flagellāre, flagellāvī, flagellātus | vb | to flail, whip, lash | W7 | |
| flagellum | n.neut.dim | flail, whip | W7 | |
| flagitiosus | adj | shameful | W7 | |
| flagitium | n.neut | shameful thing | W7 | |
| flagrum | n.neut | whip, lash | W7 | |
| Middle Latin: | b(l)atta, blacta | n | bat | CDC |
| New Latin: | Flagellata | n.neut.pl | class of unicellular organisms | W7 |
| flagellatus | vb.ptc | flagellated, having flagellae | W7 | |
| Middle French: | flaiel | n.masc | flail | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
