Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhlē- 'to bleat, weep, howl'
Semantic Field(s): Sound (n), to Cry, Weep, Loud
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | bellan | vb | to roar | W7 |
blǣtan | vb | to bleat | W7 | |
blagettan, blǣgettan | vb | to cry, shriek, scream | IEW | |
Middle English: | *blaren, bloren | vb | to blare, cry, weep | CDC |
bleren | vb | to blare | W7 | |
bleten | vb | to bleat | W7 | |
feble | adj | feeble | W7 | |
English: | blare | vb | to sound loud/strident | AHD/W7 |
bleat | vb | to emit natural cry of sheep/goat | AHD/W7 | |
feeble | adj | markedly lacking in strength | AHD/W7 | |
Scots English: | blair, bleir | vb | to cry, weep, blare | CDC |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Dutch: | blaren, blaeren | vb | to low, bleat, blare | CDC |
bleten | vb | to bleat | ASD | |
Dutch: | blaren | vb | to bleat, blare | IEW |
bleeten, blāten | vb | to bleat | ASD | |
Middle Low German: | blarren | vb | to blare | CDC |
bleten | vb | to bleat | CDC | |
Low German: | blar(r)en | vb | to blare | CDC |
bleten | vb | to bleat | CDC | |
Old High German: | blāzan | vb | to bleat | ASD |
Middle High German: | blāzen | vb | to bleat | CDC |
blēren, blerren | vb | to cry, bleat, blare | IEW | |
German: | bellen | vb | to bark, boom | LRC |
blarren, blärren | vb | to blare | CDC | |
blässen | vb | to bleat | IEW | |
blätzen | vb | to bleat | CDC | |
blöken | vb | to bleat, bellow | CDC | |
plär(r)en | vb | to blare, bawl | IEW | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | bālō, bālāre | vb | to bleat | CDC |
flebilis | adj | wretched, lamentable | W7 | |
fleo, flēre | vb | to weep | W7 | |
Old French: | feble | adj | feeble | W7 |
Hellenic | ||||
Doric: | βληχή | n.fem | bleating, wailing | CDC |
Greek: | βληχάομαι | vb | to bleat | LS |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |