Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhog- 'beck, flowing water'
Semantic Field(s): to Flow, to Wash
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Middle Irish: | būal | n.fem | flowing water | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bæc, bec(c) | n.masc | beck | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | bek, becc | n | beck | CDC/W7 |
| English: | beck | n | brook | AHD/W7 |
| British English: | beck | n | brook, small rapid stream | ASD/CDC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Dutch: | beke | n | beck | CDC |
| Dutch: | beek | n | beck | CDC |
| Old Saxon: | beki | n | beck | CDC |
| Low German: | beke, bäk | n | beck | CDC |
| Old High German: | bah | n.masc | beck | IEW |
| Middle High German: | bach | n | beck | CDC |
| German: | Bach | n.masc | beck | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | bekkr | n.masc | beck | W7 |
| Icelandic: | bekkr | n | beck | CDC |
| Danish: | bæk | n | beck | CDC |
| Swedish: | bäck | n | beck | CDC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
