Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhoso-s 'bare, naked'
Semantic Field(s): to Clothe, Dress, Clothes, Clothing
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bær | adj | bare | W7 |
| bær-fōt | adj | barefoot | MEV | |
| bærlīce | adv | barely | MEV | |
| Middle English: | bare, bair | adj | bare | MEV/W7 |
| barely | adv | barely, summarily | MEV | |
| barfot | adj | barefoot | MEV | |
| English: | bare | adj | naked, without covering | AHD/W7 |
| barefoot | adj/adv | unshod, without footwear | W7 | |
| barely | adv | plainly, openly, in meager manner | W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | baer | adj | bare | OED |
| Dutch: | baar | adj | bare | OED |
| Old Saxon: | bar | adj | bare | OED |
| Old High German: | bar, par | adj | bare | ASD/W7 |
| Middle High German: | bar | adj | bare | ASD |
| German: | bar | adj | bare | LRC |
| barfuss | adj | barefoot | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | berr | adj | bare | ASD |
| Danish: | bar | adj | bare | OED |
| Swedish: | bar | adj | bare | ASD |
| bara | adv | only, barely | OED | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | basas | adj | barefoot | LD/W7 |
| bosus | adj | bare | ASD | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Slavic: | bosiĭ | adj | barefoot | OED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LD | = | Bronius Piesarskas and Bronius Svecevicius: Lithuanian Dictionary (1994) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
