Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhrūg- 'fruit; to brook, enjoy'
Semantic Field(s): Fruit, to Please, Glad, Joyful
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | brūcan | vb | to brook | W7 |
| Middle English: | br(o)uken | vb | to brook | OED/W7 |
| fruicioun | n | fruition | W7 | |
| fruit | n | fruit | W7 | |
| frumenty | n | frumenty | W7 | |
| English: | brook | vb | to use, enjoy; endure, tolerate | AHD/OED/W7 |
| fructify | vb | to bear fruit, make fruitful | AHD/W7 | |
| frugal | adj | thrifty in resource expenditure | AHD/W7 | |
| frugivorous | adj | feeding on fruit | AHD/W7 | |
| fruit | n | product of plant growth | AHD/W7 | |
| fruition | n | enjoyment, pleasurable use/possession | AHD/W7 | |
| frumentaceous | adj | made of/resembling grain (e.g. wheat) | AHD/W7 | |
| frumenty | n | wheat dish boiled in milk flavored with sugar/spices/raisins | AHD/W7 | |
| infructescence | n | fruiting stage of inflorescence | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | bruka | vb | to brook | ASD |
| Frisian: | bruke | vb | to brook | ASD |
| Dutch: | gebruiken | vb | to brook | ASD |
| vrucht | n | fruit | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | brūkan | vb | to brook | ASD |
| Old High German: | brūchan | vb | to brook | ASD |
| Middle High German: | brūchen | vb | to brook | ASD |
| German: | brauchen | vb | to brook | ASD |
| Frucht | n.fem | fruit | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | brūka | vb | to brook | ASD |
| Danish: | bruge | vb | to brook | ASD |
| frugt | n | fruit | TLL | |
| Swedish: | brūka | vb | to brook | ASD |
| frukt | n | fruit | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | brukyan | vb | to brook | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | fructus, fructūs | n.masc | fruit, use, revenue | W7 |
| frugalis | adj | frugal, virtuous | W7 | |
| frumentum | n.neut | grain | W7 | |
| fruor, frui, fructus, fruitus | vb.dep | to enjoy, benefit | W7 | |
| frux, frugis | n.fem | fruit, produce | LRC | |
| Late Latin: | fruitio | n.fem | enjoyment | W7 |
| frumentaceus | adj | of grain | W7 | |
| Old French: | fruit | n.masc | fruit | W7 |
| Middle French: | frugal | adj | frugal, inexpensive | W7 |
| fruition | n.fem | fruition, benefit | W7 | |
| frument | n.masc | grain | W7 | |
| frumentee | n.fem | frumenty | W7 | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Gheg: | pāfrujt | adj | barren, without fruit | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
