Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dā : də-, and dāi- : dəi-, dī̆- 'to share, divide'
Semantic Field(s): to Divide
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | bidǣlan, bedǣlan, bidǣlde, bidǣled | vb.wk.I | to deprive, release | ASD |
dāl | n.neut | dole, division | ASD/W7 | |
ordāl | n | ordeal | W7 | |
tīd | n.fem | tide | LRC | |
tīdan | vb | to tide, occur, happen | AHD | |
tīdung | n | tiding | W7 | |
tīma | n | time, date | W7 | |
top | n | top, tuft/ball at high end | CDC | |
Middle English: | condemnen | vb | to condemn | W7 |
damage | n | damage | W7 | |
dampnen | vb | to damn | W7 | |
demon | n | demon | W7 | |
dole | n | dole | W7 | |
firkin | n | firkin | W7 | |
ordal | n | ordeal | W7 | |
tappen | vb | to tap | IEW | |
tide | n | time | W7 | |
tiden | vb | to tide | W7 | |
tiding | vb.ptc | occurring | AHD | |
time | n | time | W7 | |
tippen | vb | to tip | IEW | |
top(pe) | n | top | CDC | |
English: | condemn | vb.trans | to censure, declare wrong | AHD/W7 |
daimon | n | demon | AHD/W7 | |
damage | n | loss/harm resulting from injury | AHD/W7 | |
damn | vb | to condemn (to punishment), repudiate | AHD/W7 | |
deme | n | local government unit in ancient Attica | AHD/W7 | |
democracy | n | government by common people | AHD/W7 | |
democratic | adj | re: democracy | W7 | |
demography | n | statistical human population study | AHD/W7 | |
demon | n | genius, attendant power/spirit | AHD/W7 | |
demos | n | populace, common people of ancient Greece | AHD/W7 | |
demotic | adj | popular | AHD/W7 | |
dole | n | allotted share/portion/destiny | AHD/W7 | |
endemic | adj | belonging/native to a people/country | AHD/W7 | |
epidemic | adj | affecting many at once | AHD/W7 | |
eventide | n | evening | AHD/W7 | |
firkin | n | small wooden cask/vessel | AHD/W7 | |
geodesy | n | applied mathematics identifying exact positions/areas of earth's surface | AHD/W7 | |
gotterdammerung | n | turbulent end of regime/institution | AHD | |
indemnify | vb.trans | to secure against loss/damage | AHD/W7 | |
indemnity | n | security against loss/hurt/damage | AHD/W7 | |
ordeal | n | primitive means to determine guilt/innocence | AHD/W7 | |
pandemic | adj | widespread, affecting large fraction of population | AHD/W7 | |
tap | n | (sound of) light audible blow | W7 | |
tap | vb | to hit/strike lightly | IEW/W7 | |
ted | vb | to strew, spread out | GED | |
tide | n | time, season, period | AHD/W7 | |
tide | vb.intrans | to befall, betide | AHD/W7 | |
tiding | n | piece of news | AHD/W7 | |
time | n | period/duration when something exists/continues | AHD/W7 | |
tip | vb | to tap, softly touch/push | IEW | |
top | n | peak, crest, summit, highest part | CDC | |
Weathertop | prop.n | windy hill in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Yahrzeit | prop.n | anniversary of relative's death | AHD | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | ordēl, urdēl | n | ordeal | ASD |
tīd | n.fem | tidings | ASD | |
top | n.masc | top, tuft, lock | ASD/CDC | |
Middle Dutch: | getes | adj | fitting, accommodating | GED |
onget(h)es | adj | restless | GED | |
tiden | vb | to go, come | W7 | |
veerdel | n | quarter, lit. fourth-part | W7 | |
Dutch: | tijding | n.fem | tidings | ASD |
top | n.fem | top | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | tīd | n.fem | tide, time, hour | ASD |
urdeili | n | ordeal | ASD | |
Low German: | tippen | vb | to tip | W7 |
Old High German: | irteilen | vb | to judge, distribute | W7 |
teil | n | part | W7 | |
teilen | vb | to divide; render verdict | W7 | |
urteil(a) | n | ordeal, judgment | ASD/W7 | |
zetten | vb | to ted | GED | |
zīt | n.fem | time, hour, age | ASD/W7 | |
zopf(e) | n.masc | top, tuft/lock of hair | ASD/CDC | |
Middle High German: | jārzīt | n.fem | anniversary | AHD |
tāpe | n | tap, (blow dealt with) paw | W7 | |
zīt | n.fem | time | AHD | |
zītunge | n.fem | tidings | ASD | |
German: | Dämon | n.masc | demon | LRC |
Demokratie | n.fem | democracy | LRC | |
Götterdämmerung | n.fem | gotterdammerung, twilight of the gods | AHD | |
Jahrzeit | n.fem | anniversary | AHD | |
Teil | n.masc | part | LRC | |
teilen | vb | to divide | LRC | |
Urteil | n.neut | judgment | LRC | |
urteilen | vb | to judge | LRC | |
Viertel | n.masc | quarter | LRC | |
Zeit | n.fem | time | LRC | |
Zopf | n.masc | tuft/lock of hair | LRC | |
Yiddish: | Yahrzeit | prop.n.fem | Yahrzeit, anniversary | AHD |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | deila, deilad | vb | to divide; quarrel, contend | LRC |
deili | n.neut.pl | details | LRC | |
tíð | n.masc | time | LRC | |
tīmi | n | time | W7 | |
toppr | n | top; mop/tuft/lock of hair | IEW | |
Old Icelandic: | tað | n.neut | manure (spread out) | GED |
teðja | vb.wk | to ted (manure) | GED | |
Icelandic: | tíð | n.fem | tide, time, hour | ASD |
tíðindi | n.fem | tidings, event | ASD | |
tími | n.masc | time, hour | ASD | |
toppr | n.masc | top, tuft, lock | ASD | |
Danish: | tidende | n.fem | tidings | ASD |
top | n.masc | top, tuft, crest, summit | ASD/CDC | |
Swedish: | topp | n.masc | top, summit | ASD/CDC |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | dáils | n.str.fem | share, portion | LRC |
-tassaba | adv.sfx | in idleness | GED | |
*ungatass | adj | idle, undisciplined | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | condemno, condemnāre | vb | to condemn | W7 |
daemon | n.masc | daimon, divinity | W7 | |
damno, damnāre | vb | to damage, condemn | W7 | |
damnum | n.neut | damage, loss, fine | W7 | |
indemnis | adj | unharmed | W7 | |
Late Latin: | daemon | n.masc | demon, evil spirit | W7 |
democratia | n.fem | democracy | W7 | |
pandemus | adj | pandemic, re: all the people | W7 | |
Old French: | condemner | vb | to condemn | W7 |
dam | n.masc | damage | W7 | |
damage | n.masc | damage | W7 | |
dampner | vb | to doom, damage | W7 | |
toupet | n.dim | (little) top, tuft of hair | CDC | |
Middle French: | democratie | n.fem | democracy | W7 |
epidemie | n.fem | epidemy, disease spreading among the people | W7 | |
taper | vb | to tap, strike with flat hand | W7 | |
French: | démographie | n.fem | demography | W7 |
endémie | n.fem | state of what never stops among the people | W7 | |
endémique | adj | never stopping among the people | W7 | |
épidémique | adj | epidemic, spreading among populace | W7 | |
Italian: | toppo | n | end | CDC |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | demokraci | n.fem | democracy | LRC |
demokratik | adj | democratic | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | geōdaisia | n.fem | geodesy | W7 |
daiesthai | vb | to divide | W7 | |
δαΐζω | vb | to slay, rend, cleave asunder | RPN | |
daimōn | n.masc | daimon, divinity | W7 | |
δαίομαι | vb | to distribute | GED | |
δαίω | vb | to divide | RPN | |
δάσμα | n | portion | GED | |
δατέομαι | vb | to distribute | GED | |
dēmokratia | n.fem | democracy | W7 | |
dēmos | n.masc | people | W7 | |
δημοσίᾳ | adv | in public | LRC | |
dēmotēs | n.masc | commoner | W7 | |
δημοτικός | adj | in common use, re: the people | LRC | |
endēmia | n.fem | action of dwelling among the people | W7 | |
endēmos | adj | endemic, among the people | W7 | |
epidēmia | n.fem | visit, epidemic | W7 | |
epidēmos | adj | visiting, epidemic | W7 | |
pandēmos | adj | pandemic, re: all the people | W7 | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | dáyati | vb | to divide, destroy | RPN |
dā́ti | vb | to cut, reap, divide, distribute | GED/RPN | |
dyáti | vb | to cut, reap, divide | RPN | |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian A: | tät-k | vb | to cut up, separate | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
dim | = | diminutive |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
sfx | = | suffix |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |