Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dā : də-, and dāi- : dəi-, dī̆- 'to share, divide'
Semantic Field(s): to Divide
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bidǣlan, bedǣlan, bidǣlde, bidǣled | vb.wk.I | to deprive, release | ASD |
| dāl | n.neut | dole, division | ASD/W7 | |
| ordāl | n | ordeal | W7 | |
| tīd | n.fem | tide | LRC | |
| tīdan | vb | to tide, occur, happen | AHD | |
| tīdung | n | tiding | W7 | |
| tīma | n | time, date | W7 | |
| top | n | top, tuft/ball at high end | CDC | |
| Middle English: | condemnen | vb | to condemn | W7 |
| damage | n | damage | W7 | |
| dampnen | vb | to damn | W7 | |
| demon | n | demon | W7 | |
| dole | n | dole | W7 | |
| firkin | n | firkin | W7 | |
| ordal | n | ordeal | W7 | |
| tappen | vb | to tap | IEW | |
| tide | n | time | W7 | |
| tiden | vb | to tide | W7 | |
| tiding | vb.ptc | occurring | AHD | |
| time | n | time | W7 | |
| tippen | vb | to tip | IEW | |
| top(pe) | n | top | CDC | |
| English: | condemn | vb.trans | to censure, declare wrong | AHD/W7 |
| daimon | n | demon | AHD/W7 | |
| damage | n | loss/harm resulting from injury | AHD/W7 | |
| damn | vb | to condemn (to punishment), repudiate | AHD/W7 | |
| deme | n | local government unit in ancient Attica | AHD/W7 | |
| democracy | n | government by common people | AHD/W7 | |
| democratic | adj | re: democracy | W7 | |
| demography | n | statistical human population study | AHD/W7 | |
| demon | n | genius, attendant power/spirit | AHD/W7 | |
| demos | n | populace, common people of ancient Greece | AHD/W7 | |
| demotic | adj | popular | AHD/W7 | |
| dole | n | allotted share/portion/destiny | AHD/W7 | |
| endemic | adj | belonging/native to a people/country | AHD/W7 | |
| epidemic | adj | affecting many at once | AHD/W7 | |
| eventide | n | evening | AHD/W7 | |
| firkin | n | small wooden cask/vessel | AHD/W7 | |
| geodesy | n | applied mathematics identifying exact positions/areas of earth's surface | AHD/W7 | |
| gotterdammerung | n | turbulent end of regime/institution | AHD | |
| indemnify | vb.trans | to secure against loss/damage | AHD/W7 | |
| indemnity | n | security against loss/hurt/damage | AHD/W7 | |
| ordeal | n | primitive means to determine guilt/innocence | AHD/W7 | |
| pandemic | adj | widespread, affecting large fraction of population | AHD/W7 | |
| tap | n | (sound of) light audible blow | W7 | |
| tap | vb | to hit/strike lightly | IEW/W7 | |
| ted | vb | to strew, spread out | GED | |
| tide | n | time, season, period | AHD/W7 | |
| tide | vb.intrans | to befall, betide | AHD/W7 | |
| tiding | n | piece of news | AHD/W7 | |
| time | n | period/duration when something exists/continues | AHD/W7 | |
| tip | vb | to tap, softly touch/push | IEW | |
| top | n | peak, crest, summit, highest part | CDC | |
| Weathertop | prop.n | windy hill in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Yahrzeit | prop.n | anniversary of relative's death | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ordēl, urdēl | n | ordeal | ASD |
| tīd | n.fem | tidings | ASD | |
| top | n.masc | top, tuft, lock | ASD/CDC | |
| Middle Dutch: | getes | adj | fitting, accommodating | GED |
| onget(h)es | adj | restless | GED | |
| tiden | vb | to go, come | W7 | |
| veerdel | n | quarter, lit. fourth-part | W7 | |
| Dutch: | tijding | n.fem | tidings | ASD |
| top | n.fem | top | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | tīd | n.fem | tide, time, hour | ASD |
| urdeili | n | ordeal | ASD | |
| Low German: | tippen | vb | to tip | W7 |
| Old High German: | irteilen | vb | to judge, distribute | W7 |
| teil | n | part | W7 | |
| teilen | vb | to divide; render verdict | W7 | |
| urteil(a) | n | ordeal, judgment | ASD/W7 | |
| zetten | vb | to ted | GED | |
| zīt | n.fem | time, hour, age | ASD/W7 | |
| zopf(e) | n.masc | top, tuft/lock of hair | ASD/CDC | |
| Middle High German: | jārzīt | n.fem | anniversary | AHD |
| tāpe | n | tap, (blow dealt with) paw | W7 | |
| zīt | n.fem | time | AHD | |
| zītunge | n.fem | tidings | ASD | |
| German: | Dämon | n.masc | demon | LRC |
| Demokratie | n.fem | democracy | LRC | |
| Götterdämmerung | n.fem | gotterdammerung, twilight of the gods | AHD | |
| Jahrzeit | n.fem | anniversary | AHD | |
| Teil | n.masc | part | LRC | |
| teilen | vb | to divide | LRC | |
| Urteil | n.neut | judgment | LRC | |
| urteilen | vb | to judge | LRC | |
| Viertel | n.masc | quarter | LRC | |
| Zeit | n.fem | time | LRC | |
| Zopf | n.masc | tuft/lock of hair | LRC | |
| Yiddish: | Yahrzeit | prop.n.fem | Yahrzeit, anniversary | AHD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | deila, deilad | vb | to divide; quarrel, contend | LRC |
| deili | n.neut.pl | details | LRC | |
| tíð | n.masc | time | LRC | |
| tīmi | n | time | W7 | |
| toppr | n | top; mop/tuft/lock of hair | IEW | |
| Old Icelandic: | tað | n.neut | manure (spread out) | GED |
| teðja | vb.wk | to ted (manure) | GED | |
| Icelandic: | tíð | n.fem | tide, time, hour | ASD |
| tíðindi | n.fem | tidings, event | ASD | |
| tími | n.masc | time, hour | ASD | |
| toppr | n.masc | top, tuft, lock | ASD | |
| Danish: | tidende | n.fem | tidings | ASD |
| top | n.masc | top, tuft, crest, summit | ASD/CDC | |
| Swedish: | topp | n.masc | top, summit | ASD/CDC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | dáils | n.str.fem | share, portion | LRC |
| -tassaba | adv.sfx | in idleness | GED | |
| *ungatass | adj | idle, undisciplined | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | condemno, condemnāre | vb | to condemn | W7 |
| daemon | n.masc | daimon, divinity | W7 | |
| damno, damnāre | vb | to damage, condemn | W7 | |
| damnum | n.neut | damage, loss, fine | W7 | |
| indemnis | adj | unharmed | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | daemon | n.masc | demon, evil spirit | W7 |
| democratia | n.fem | democracy | W7 | |
| pandemus | adj | pandemic, re: all the people | W7 | |
| Old French: | condemner | vb | to condemn | W7 |
| dam | n.masc | damage | W7 | |
| damage | n.masc | damage | W7 | |
| dampner | vb | to doom, damage | W7 | |
| toupet | n.dim | (little) top, tuft of hair | CDC | |
| Middle French: | democratie | n.fem | democracy | W7 |
| epidemie | n.fem | epidemy, disease spreading among the people | W7 | |
| taper | vb | to tap, strike with flat hand | W7 | |
| French: | démographie | n.fem | demography | W7 |
| endémie | n.fem | state of what never stops among the people | W7 | |
| endémique | adj | never stopping among the people | W7 | |
| épidémique | adj | epidemic, spreading among populace | W7 | |
| Italian: | toppo | n | end | CDC |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | demokraci | n.fem | democracy | LRC |
| demokratik | adj | democratic | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | geōdaisia | n.fem | geodesy | W7 |
| daiesthai | vb | to divide | W7 | |
| δαΐζω | vb | to slay, rend, cleave asunder | RPN | |
| daimōn | n.masc | daimon, divinity | W7 | |
| δαίομαι | vb | to distribute | GED | |
| δαίω | vb | to divide | RPN | |
| δάσμα | n | portion | GED | |
| δατέομαι | vb | to distribute | GED | |
| dēmokratia | n.fem | democracy | W7 | |
| dēmos | n.masc | people | W7 | |
| δημοσίᾳ | adv | in public | LRC | |
| dēmotēs | n.masc | commoner | W7 | |
| δημοτικός | adj | in common use, re: the people | LRC | |
| endēmia | n.fem | action of dwelling among the people | W7 | |
| endēmos | adj | endemic, among the people | W7 | |
| epidēmia | n.fem | visit, epidemic | W7 | |
| epidēmos | adj | visiting, epidemic | W7 | |
| pandēmos | adj | pandemic, re: all the people | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dáyati | vb | to divide, destroy | RPN |
| dā́ti | vb | to cut, reap, divide, distribute | GED/RPN | |
| dyáti | vb | to cut, reap, divide | RPN | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian A: | tät-k | vb | to cut up, separate | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |