Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dak̑ru- 'tear (from the eye)'
Semantic Field(s): Tear (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | dēr | n | tear | IEW |
| Welsh: | deigr | n | tear | IEW |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | tæhher | n.masc | tear | W7 |
| tēar, teagor | n.masc | tear | W7 | |
| Middle English: | tear | n | tear(drop) | W7 |
| English: | lacrimal, lachrymal | adj | re: tears, tear gland | AHD/W7 |
| tear | n | (drop of) fluid secreted by lacrimal gland | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | tār | n.masc | tear | ASD |
| Dutch: | traan | n | tear | TLL |
| Old High German: | zahar, zaher | n.masc | tear | ASD/W7 |
| German: | Träne | n | tear | TLL |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | tār | n.neut | tear | LRC |
| Icelandic: | tár | n.neut | tear | ASD |
| Danish: | taare | n | tear | TLL |
| Swedish: | tår | n | tear | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | tagr | n.neut | tear | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Latin: | dacruma | n.fem | tear | LRC |
| Latin: | lacruma, lacrima | n.fem | tear | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | lacrimalis | adj | lacrimal | W7 |
| Middle French: | lacrymal | adj | lachrymal | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | ašarà | n | tear | LRC |
| Latvian: | asara | n | (bitter) tear | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | δάκρυ | n.neut | tear | LRC |
| δακρύω | vb | to weep, shed tears | LRC | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | artasuk' | n.pl | tears | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | asrūazan- | vb.ptc | showering tears | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | áśru | n | tear | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
