Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. del-, dol-, delə- 'to split, divide'
Semantic Field(s): to Split, to Divide
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | be-teldan, be-teald, be-tuldon, be-tolden | vb.str.III | to cover, surround, overwhelm | ASD/RPN |
| teld | n | tent | RPN | |
| teldian | vb | to pitch (a tent) | RPN | |
| telgor, telgra | n | twig, shoot | W7 | |
| Middle English: | dol | n | dole | W7 |
| dolour | n | dolor | W7 | |
| tiller | n | tiller | W7 | |
| tilten, tulten | vb | to tilt | W7 | |
| English: | condole | vb | to grieve | AHD/W7 |
| dolabriform | adj | shaped like ax/cleaver | AHD/CDC | |
| dole | n | grief, sorrow | AHD/W7 | |
| dolor | n | sorrow, anguish, mental suffering | AHD/W7 | |
| indolent | adj | causing little/no pain | AHD/W7 | |
| tiller | n | stalk, sprout | AHD/W7 | |
| tilt | vb | to incline, cause to slope | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Low German: | telt | n | tent | RPN |
| Old High German: | zelga | n | twig | W7 |
| zelt | n.neut | tent, vault, canopy, pavilion | ASD/RPN | |
| zelto | n | small flat cake | RPN | |
| German: | Zelt | n.neut | tent, pavilion | LRC |
| Zelte(n) | n.dial | small flat cake | RPN | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | tjald | n | tent | RPN |
| tjalda | vb | to pitch (a tent) | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | tjald | n.neut | tent | ASD |
| tjalda | vb | to spread, stretch, cover | ASD | |
| tjálgr | n.masc | prong | ASD | |
| Danish: | telt | n.neut | tent, pavilion | ASD |
| Swedish: | tulta | vb | to waddle | W7 |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | dolens | adj/vb.ptc | grieving, feeling pain | W7 |
| doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitum | vb | to grieve, suffer, be angry | LRC | |
| dolor | n.masc | pain | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | condoleo, condolēre | vb | to sympathize with | W7 |
| dolus | n.masc | fraud, injury | W7 | |
| indolens, indolentis | adj | insensitive to pain | W7 | |
| Old French: | dol | n.masc | injury, damage | W7 |
| Middle French: | dolour | n.fem | dolor, pain | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | dalìs | n.fem | part | LRC |
| Latvian: | dilt, dilstu, dilu | vb | to wane, decrease, dwindle | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | daidalos | adj | ingeniously formed | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| III | = | class 3 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dial | = | dialectal |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
