Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dus- 'bad, foul, evil'
Semantic Field(s): Bad, Demon, Evil Spirit
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | du-, do- | pfx | dys-, un-, ill-, mis- | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | tō-, te- | pfx | apart | W7 |
| Middle English: | dis- | pfx | dys-, difficult | W7 |
| English: | dys- | pfx | bad, abnormal | AHD/W7 |
| dysarthria | n | dyslalia, lack of distinct articulation | AHD/CDC | |
| dyslexia | n | impaired ability to recognize/comprehend writing | AHD | |
| dysmenorrhea | n | painful/difficult/laborious menstruation | AHD/CDC | |
| dysplasia | n | abnormal cell/organ/tissue growth/development | AHD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | tuz- | pfx | dys-, un-, ill-, mis- | RPN |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | dys- | pfx | dys- | W7 |
| Middle French: | dis- | pfx | dys-, difficult | W7 |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | dъž- | pfx | dys-, un-, ill-, mis- | RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | δυσ- | pfx | dys-, un-, ill-, mis- | RPN |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | t- | pfx | un-, ill-, mis- | RPN |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | duš-, duž- | pfx | dys-, un-, ill-, mis- | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dúṣyati | vb | to turn bad, be defiled | RPN |
| dus-, dur- | pfx | dys-, un-, ill-, mis-, difficult | W7 | |
| doṣa-ḥ | n | crime, vice, want | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
