Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: du̯ō(u) 'two, duo'
Semantic Field(s): Number
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | da, di, da | nbr.card | two (2) | GED |
| dē-riad | n | pair of horses | GED | |
| diabul | adj | double | GED | |
| Irish: | dó | nbr.card | two (2) | LRC |
| Scots Gaelic: | dà | nbr.card | two (2) | LRC |
| Manx: | daa | nbr.card | two (2) | LRC |
| Old Welsh: | dou | nbr.card | two (2) | EIE |
| Middle Welsh: | dwy-flwydd | n.fem | biennium | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | be-twēon(um), bitweon(um) | adv/prep | between | ASD/GED |
| betwīnun, betwȳnum | adv/prep | between | CDC | |
| be-t(w)ux, betwēox | prep | betwixt | CDC/W7 | |
| betwyxt, betwuzt, betweoks | prep | betwixt | CDC | |
| ge-twǣfan | vb.wk | to rob, separate | GED | |
| ge-twin(n) | n.masc | twin | ASD/GED | |
| tān | n | twig | GED | |
| twǣgentig, twēntig | nbr.card | twenty (20), lit. twice-ten | GED | |
| twēgen, twægen, tw(u)ā, tū | nbr.card | twain, two (2) | LRC | |
| twelf | nbr.card | twelve (12), lit. two left | GED | |
| twēo | n.masc | doubt | GED | |
| twēogan | vb.wk | to doubt | GED | |
| -twēon | sfx | 'tween | W7 | |
| twi- | pfx | twice, double | W7 | |
| twi-fēte | adj | two-footed | GED | |
| twi-ga | adv | twice | GED | |
| twiga | adv | twice | W7 | |
| twig(ge) | n.neut | twig, branch | GED | |
| twilic | adj | having double thread | W7 | |
| twīn | n | twine | W7 | |
| twinn | adj | twofold, two-by-two | W7 | |
| -twist | n.sfx | rope | W7 | |
| twi-wa | adv | twice | GED | |
| -twux | sfx | twixt | W7 | |
| Northumbrian: | betweón, betwēn, bitwēn | adv/prep | between | CDC |
| Middle English: | at(w)o | adv | apart, in two | MEV |
| atwynne | adv | in two | MEV | |
| bala(u)nce | n | balance | CDC/W7 | |
| betwen(e), bitwene, bytwene | adv/prep | between | CDC/MEV/W7 | |
| betwix(t), bitwixe | prep | betwixt | MEV/W7 | |
| bi- | pfx | bi- | W7 | |
| binarie | adj | binary | AHD | |
| bytwyzte, betuxt, betuix | prep | betwixt | CDC | |
| combinen | vb | to combine | W7 | |
| di- | pfx | di- | W7 | |
| double | adj | double | W7 | |
| doublet | n | doublet | W7 | |
| douten | vb | to doubt | W7 | |
| duplicate | vb | to duplicate | W7 | |
| redoutable | adj | redoubtable | W7 | |
| twa | nbr.card | two (2) | W7 | |
| twain | adj | twain | W7 | |
| twelve | nbr.card | twelve (12) | W7 | |
| twenty | nbr.card | twenty (20) | W7 | |
| twi(g)es | adv | twice | W7 | |
| twigge | n | twig | W7 | |
| twin | n | twine | W7 | |
| twisten | vb | to twist | W7 | |
| twix | prep | twixt | W7 | |
| two | nbr.card | two (2) | W7 | |
| twyll | n | twill | W7 | |
| English: | 'tween | prep | between | LRC |
| anadiplosis | n | repetition of last/prominent word in one phrase/clause at beginning of next | AHD/W7 | |
| balance | n | scale for weighing | AHD/W7 | |
| between | adv/prep | by common action, in common to | AHD/W7 | |
| betwixt | prep | between | AHD/W7 | |
| bezel | n | sloping edge/face on cutting tool | AHD/W7 | |
| bi- | pfx | two, twice, double | AHD/W7 | |
| binal | adj | double, twofold, binary | AHD | |
| binary | adj | re: two things/parts | AHD/W7 | |
| bis | adv | twice | AHD/W7 | |
| bistort | n | plant with twisted roots | AHD/W7 | |
| combine | vb | to bring closely together | AHD/W7 | |
| conduplicate | adj | folded lengthwise | AHD/W7 | |
| deuce | n | face of die bearing two spots | AHD/W7 | |
| di- | pfx | twice, double, twofold | AHD/W7 | |
| di(a)- | pfx | through, across | W7 | |
| diadelphous | adj | having stamens united in 2 sets by filaments | AHD/CDC | |
| diapir | n | intrusion of rock core into overburden | AHD | |
| Diaspora | prop.n | dispersion of Jews among Gentiles | AHD/CDC | |
| dichasium | n | cymose inflorescence with two main axes | AHD/W7 | |
| dicho- | pfx | in pairs, in 2 parts | AHD | |
| dicrotism | n | having 2 pulse beats per heartbeat | AHD | |
| didymium | n | mixture of neodymium/praseodymium | AHD/W7 | |
| didymous | adj | re: twin(s), growing in pairs | AHD/W7 | |
| diglossia | n | language division: prestigious vs. colloquial | AHD | |
| dimer | n | two identical molecules combined | AHD | |
| diphyodont | adj | having 2 sets of teeth | AHD/CDC | |
| diplo- | pfx | double | AHD | |
| diploe | n | cancellous bony tissue in skull | AHD/W7 | |
| diploid | adj | double, twofold | AHD | |
| diploma | n | charter, official/state document | AHD/W7 | |
| dipteral | adj | dipterous, having (only) 2 wings | AHD/CDC | |
| double | adj | dual, having twofold relation/character | AHD/W7 | |
| doublet | n | man's long close-fitting jacket | AHD/W7 | |
| doubloon | n | old Spanish gold coin | AHD/W7 | |
| doubt | vb | to fear | AHD/W7 | |
| duad | n | pair | AHD/W7 | |
| dual | adj | re: two | AHD/W7 | |
| dubious | adj | equivocal, occasioning doubt | AHD/W7 | |
| duet | n | composition for two performers | AHD/W7 | |
| duo- | pfx | two | AHD/W7 | |
| duo | n | pair, duet | AHD/W7 | |
| duple | adj | having two units/members | AHD/W7 | |
| duplex | adj | double, twofold | AHD/W7 | |
| duplicate | adj | re: two identical/corresponding parts/examples | AHD/W7 | |
| duplicity | n | doubleness, state of being double | AHD/CDC | |
| dyad | n | pair | AHD/W7 | |
| epididymis | n | elongated mass at back of testis | AHD/W7 | |
| hendiadys | n | expression of idea by two connected nouns | AHD/W7 | |
| mistletoe | n | European semiparasitic green shrub | GED/W7 | |
| redoubtable | adj | formidable, causing fear/alarm | AHD/W7 | |
| twain | adj | two | AHD/W7 | |
| tway | nbr.card.dial | two (2) | AHD/W7 | |
| twayblade | n | type of orchid | AHD/W7 | |
| tweens | n.pl | hobbit years 20-32 in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| twelfth | nbr.ord | 12th | AHD | |
| twelve | nbr.card | 12 | AHD/W7 | |
| twenty | nbr.card | 20 | AHD/W7 | |
| twibill | n | double-bladed battle-ax, lit. two-bill | AHD/CDC | |
| twice | adv | on two occasions | AHD/W7 | |
| twig | n | small shoot/branch | AHD/W7 | |
| twilight | n | light refracted/reflected by atmosphere while sun is down | AHD | |
| twill | n | fabric with a certain weave | AHD/W7 | |
| twin | adj | (born) together as pair | AHD/W7 | |
| twin | n | either of two born together | W7 | |
| twine | n | strong string of two/more twisted strands | AHD/W7 | |
| twist | vb | to unite (strands/threads/wires) by winding one around another | AHD/W7 | |
| twixt | prep | betwixt | AHD/W7 | |
| two | nbr.card | 2 | AHD/W7 | |
| twofold | adj | double, 2 times the number/quantity | LRC | |
| zwitterion | n | dipolar ion | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | betwisht, betweesht | prep | betwixt | CDC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | twelef, twilif, tolef | nbr.card | twelve (12), lit. two left | ASD/GED |
| twēn(e), twā, twā | nbr.card | two (2) | GED | |
| twi- | pfx | twice, double | ASD | |
| twīfil | n.masc | doubt | GED | |
| twīne | adj | two each | GED | |
| twintich, twintege | nbr.card | twenty (20) | ASD/GED | |
| twi-ra | adv | twice | GED | |
| twiska(a) | prep | twixt | GED | |
| twist | n.str.masc | division | GED | |
| Middle Dutch: | twijn | n | twine | W7 |
| twist | n.str.masc | quarrel, division | GED | |
| Dutch: | teen | n.masc | twig, withe, osier | ASD/GED |
| tusschen | prep | between, among | TLL | |
| twee | nbr.card | two (2) | LRC | |
| tweeling | n | twin | TLL | |
| twiju | n.neut | twine, twist | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | tēn | n | staff | GED |
| tweho | n.masc | doubt, uncertainty | GED | |
| twehōn | vb.wk | to (inspire) doubt | GED | |
| twelif | nbr.card | twelve (12), lit. two left | GED | |
| twēne, twā, twō, twē | nbr.card | two (2) | GED | |
| twentig | nbr.card | twenty (20) | GED | |
| twīfli | adj | doubtful | GED | |
| twīflian, twīflōn | vb.wk | to cause (to) doubt | GED | |
| twisc | adj | two each | GED | |
| twist | n.str.masc | division | GED | |
| Old Low German: | twi- | pfx | twice, double | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | tēn | n | thin metal rod | GED |
| twīvel | n.str.masc/neut | doubt | GED | |
| Old High German: | zein, zain | n.masc | twig, reed, ruler | ASD |
| zweho | n.masc | doubt, ambiguity | GED | |
| zwehōn | vb.wk | to doubt, hesitate | GED | |
| zweig | n | twig | GED | |
| zweinzug | nbr.card | twenty (20) | GED | |
| zwelif | nbr.card | twelve (12), lit. two left | GED | |
| zwēne, zwā, zwō, zwei | nbr.card | two (2) | GED | |
| zwi- | pfx | twice, double | ASD | |
| zwīfoli | adj | doubtful | GED | |
| zwī(g) | n.str.masc | twig, branch | ASD/GED | |
| zwinal, gezuinele | n.masc | twin | ASD | |
| zwiro, zwirōr | adv | twice | GED | |
| zwisk | adj | twofold | GED | |
| zwīval | n.str.masc/neut | doubt | GED | |
| zwīvelen | vb.wk | to cause (to) doubt | GED | |
| zwīvo | n.wk.masc | doubt | GED | |
| Middle High German: | zein(e) | n | reed, branch; rod, pole | GED |
| zwēne | nbr.card | two (2) | CDC | |
| zwi- | pfx | two, twice, double | CDC | |
| zwir, zwis | adv | twice | GED | |
| zwirn | n.str.masc | twist, thread | GED | |
| zwist | n.str.masc | division | GED | |
| German: | Zain | n.masc | reed, branch; rod, pole | GED |
| zwanzig | nbr.card | twenty (20) | LRC | |
| zween | nbr.card | two (2) | CDC | |
| zwei | nbr.card | twain, two (2) | GED | |
| Zweifel | n.masc | doubt | LRC | |
| zweifeln | vb | to (cause to) doubt | LRC | |
| Zweig | n.masc | twig, branch | LRC | |
| zweimal | adv | twice | LRC | |
| zwie- | pfx | two, twice, double | CDC | |
| Zwilling | n.masc | twin | LRC | |
| zwischen | prep | between, among | TLL | |
| Zwist | n.masc | brawl, dispute | LRC | |
| zwitter | adj | hybrid | W7 | |
| Zwitterion | n.neut | zwitterion | W7 | |
| zwölf | nbr.card | twelve (12) | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | tveir, tvā | nbr.card | two (2) | EIE |
| tvinnr | adv | two-by-two | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | teinn | n | twig, sprout | GED |
| tolf | nbr.card | twelve (12), lit. two left | GED | |
| tuttugu | nbr.card | twenty (20) | GED | |
| tveir, tvǣr, tvā | nbr.card | two (2) | GED | |
| tvennr, tvinnr | adj | twofold | GED | |
| tvis-tra | vb.wk | to separate | GED | |
| tvis-var | adv | twice | GED | |
| tvī-faldr | adj | double, lit. two-fold | GED | |
| tys-var | adv | twice | GED | |
| Icelandic: | teinn | n.masc | twig, sprout, spit | ASD |
| tólf | nbr.card | twelve (12) | ASD | |
| tuttugu | nbr.card | twenty (20) | ASD | |
| tveir, tvær, tvau | nbr.card | two (2) | ASD | |
| tvi-fættr | adj | two-footed | ASD | |
| tví- | pfx | twice, double | ASD | |
| Norwegian: | ten | n.masc | slender rod | ASD |
| Danish: | ten | n.masc | spindle | ASD |
| to | nbr.card | two (2) | LRC | |
| tvilling | n | twin | TLL | |
| Old Swedish: | twis-wær | adv | twice | GED |
| tys-wa(r) | adv | twice | GED | |
| Swedish: | ten | n.masc | rod, spindle | ASD |
| tvilling | n | twin | TLL | |
| två | nbr.card | two (2) | LRC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *tains | n.masc | twig, branch | GED |
| twai, twos, twa | nbr.card | two (2) | LRC | |
| twai-tigjus | nbr.card | twenty (20) | ASD | |
| twa-lif | nbr.card | twelve (12), lit. two left | GED | |
| *tweifleins | n.fem | doubt | GED | |
| tweifljan | vb.wk | to cause doubt | GED | |
| *tweifls | n.masc | doubt | GED | |
| *tweihnai | adj | both, two each | GED | |
| tweihnai | adj | two each | GED/W7 | |
| tweihnaim | prep | 'tween | GED/W7 | |
| *twis-standan | vb.str.VI | to part | GED | |
| *twis-stass | n.fem | discord | GED | |
| weina-tains | n.masc | vine-twig/branch | GED | |
| wit | pron.du | we two | GED | |
| Crimean Gothic: | tua | nbr.card | two (2) | GED |
| *þiinetua, thune-tua | nbr.card | twelve (10 + 2) | CGo/GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Latin: | *duīni | adj | two each | CDC |
| duis, dvis | adv | twice | GED | |
| Latin: | bilanx | adj | having two scale pans | AHD |
| bilix, bilicis | adj | having double thread | W7 | |
| bīnālis | n | twin | AHD | |
| binarius | adj | binary, two-part | CDC | |
| bīni, bīnae, bīna | adj | two each, two-by-two | GED | |
| bi-pēs | adj | two-footed | GED | |
| bis, bi- | adj/adv/pfx | twice, double, in two | GED | |
| conduplico, conduplicāre, conduplicavi, conduplicatus | vb | to double | W7 | |
| di- | pfx | undo, separate | W7 | |
| diploma | n.neut | folded letter, letter of introduction | W7 | |
| dis | prep | apart, in two directions | GED | |
| dualis | adj | of two, binary | W7 | |
| dubitō, dubitāre | vb | to doubt, waver | W7 | |
| dubius | adj | dubious | W7 | |
| dubo, dubare | vb | to vacillate | W7 | |
| duo, duae, duo | nbr.card | two (2) | LRC | |
| duodecim | nbr.card | twelve (12), lit. two (and) ten | GED | |
| duplex, duplicis | adj | double | W7 | |
| duplicō, duplicāre, duplicavi, duplicatus | vb | to double, duplicate | W7 | |
| duplus, dupla, duplum | adj | double, lit. two-fold | GED | |
| vīgintī | nbr.card | twenty (20) | GED | |
| Vulgar Latin: | bilancia | n.fem | scale | W7 |
| Late Latin: | anadiplosis | n.fem | anadiplosis | W7 |
| bilanx, bilancis | adj | having two scalepans | W7 | |
| binarius | adj | two by two | W7 | |
| combino, combināre | vb | to combine | W7 | |
| dyas, dyadis | n.fem | dyad | W7 | |
| hendiadys | n.neut | expression of idea via 2 nouns connected by 'and' | W7 | |
| Middle Latin: | bisalus | n | stone with two slopes/angles | CDC |
| New Latin: | bistorta | n | bistort | CDC |
| dichasium | n.neut | cymose inflorescence | W7 | |
| diploe | n.masc | bony tissue in the skull | W7 | |
| epididymis | n.fem | mass of tubes in testicles | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | balança | n | balance | CDC |
| bisel | n | bezel | CDC | |
| Spanish: | balanza, balanca | n | balance | CDC |
| bisel | n | bezel | CDC | |
| dobla | n.fem | old Spanish coin | W7 | |
| doblón | n.masc | old Spanish coin | W7 | |
| Old French: | balance | n.fem | scale | W7 |
| *besel, bisel | n | bevel | CDC | |
| double | adj | double, twofold | W7 | |
| douter | vb | to doubt | W7 | |
| Middle French: | bistorte | n | bistort | W7 |
| combiner | vb | to combine | W7 | |
| deus | nbr.card | two (2) | W7 | |
| di- | pfx | two | W7 | |
| double | adj | double | W7 | |
| doublet | n.masc | doublet | W7 | |
| douter | vb | to doubt | W7 | |
| redoutable | adj | redoubtable, to be feared | W7 | |
| redouter | vb | to dread | W7 | |
| French: | balance | n | balance | CDC |
| biseau | n.masc | bevel, chamfer | W7 | |
| bistorte | n | bistort | CDC | |
| Old Occitan: | balansa | n | balance | CDC |
| Italian: | bilancia | n | balance | CDC |
| bistorta | n | bistort | CDC | |
| duetto | n.masc | duet, dialogue, couple | CID/W7 | |
| duo | adj | two | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | dwai | nbr.card | two (2) | EIE |
| Lithuanian: | dù, dvì | nbr.card | two (2) | GED |
| dveigỹs | adj | two years old | GED | |
| dvejópas | adj | twofold | GED | |
| dvìdešimt | nbr.card | twenty (20) | GED | |
| dvỹ(na)s | n | twin | GED | |
| tíek | adv | so much, so many | LRC | |
| vè-du | pron | lit. we two | GED | |
| Latvian: | divi | nbr.card | two (2) | GED |
| dvìnis | n | twin | GED | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Czech: | oba-pol | adj | from both sides | GED |
| Serbo-Croatian: | dvîze | adj | two-year-old | GED |
| Old Church Slavonic: | dъva, dъvě | nbr.card | two (2) | GED |
| Russian: | dva, dve | nbr.card | two (2) | EIE |
| dvójka | n | pair | GED | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | dy | nbr.card | two (2) | EIE |
| dytë | nbr.ord | second (2nd) | EIE | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Mycenaean: | dwo | nbr.card | two (2) | EIE |
| Homeric Greek: | διά | prep | through, between | LRC |
| δοιή | n | doubt, perplexity | GED | |
| δύο, δύω | nbr.card | two (2) | LRC | |
| Greek: | anadiploun | vb | to double | W7 |
| anadiplōsis | n.fem | repetition | W7 | |
| διά | adv | apart, in two directions | GED | |
| didymos | adj | double | W7 | |
| διόπερ | adv | therefore, so | LRC | |
| δι-πλός | adj | double, lit. two-fold | GED | |
| διπλόω | vb | to double | LRC | |
| diplōma | n.neut | folded paper, passport | W7 | |
| δί-πους | adj | two-footed | GED | |
| δι(ς)- | pfx | two | CDC | |
| δίς | adv | twice | GED | |
| διστάζω | n | doubt | GED | |
| dicha | adv | separated in two | W7 | |
| dichazein | vb | to halve | W7 | |
| dichasis | n.fem | halving | W7 | |
| δῠο-καί-δεκα | nbr.card | twelve (12), lit. two-and-ten | GED | |
| δώ-δεκα | nbr.card | twelve (12), lit. two-ten | GED | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Lycian: | cbi-, tbi- | adj/nbr.card | other; two (2) | GED |
| cbijêtezi | nbr.ord | second (2nd) | GED | |
| Hittite: | da-iuga | n | two-year-old | GED |
| dammai- | adj | other | GED | |
| dan, tan | nbr.ord | second (2nd) | GED | |
| duiyanalli- | n | second-ranked official | GED | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | erkeam | n | two-year-old | GED |
| erko-tasn | nbr.card | twelve (12), lit. two (and) ten | GED | |
| erku | nbr.card | two (2) | EIE | |
| Iranian | ||||
| New Persian: | dovvom, doyyom | nbr.ord | second (2nd) | EIE |
| Avestan: | biš | adv | twice | GED |
| daibitya | nbr.ord | second (2nd) | EIE | |
| dva | nbr.card | two (2) | EIE | |
| Khotanese: | śäta- | nbr.ord | second (2nd) | EIE |
| Indo-Iranian | ||||
| Pushto: | dwayam | nbr.ord | second (2nd) | EIE |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | d(u)vā́, dvaú | nbr.card.masc | two (2) | GED |
| d(u)vé | nbr.card.fem/neut | two (2) | GED | |
| dva-kás | adj | paired | GED | |
| dva-yám | n | falseness | GED | |
| dvā́daśa | nbr.card | twelve (12), lit. two (and) ten | GED | |
| dvi- | pfx | two | CDC | |
| dvi-kás | adj | two-part, consisting of two | GED | |
| dvitā́ | adv/adj | twice, double | GED | |
| dvitī́ya | nbr.ord | second (2nd) | GED | |
| dvi-pád- | adj | two-footed | GED | |
| dvíṣ | adv | twice | GED | |
| dviṣṭhas | adj | ambiguous | GED | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | ikäṃ | nbr.card | twenty (20) | GED |
| wate | nbr.ord | second (2nd) | EIE | |
| wi | nbr.card | two (2) | GED | |
| Tocharian A: | wät | nbr.ord | second (2nd) | EIE |
| wiki | nbr.card | twenty (20) | GED | |
| wu, wi | nbr.card | two (2) | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| VI | = | class 6 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| card | = | cardinal |
| dial | = | dialectal |
| du | = | dual (number) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| nbr | = | number |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ord | = | ordinal |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| EIE | = | J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
