Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dherāgh- 'to drag, pull'
Semantic Field(s): to Draw, Pull
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | dræge | n | dragnet | W7 |
| dragan | vb.irr | to drag, draw, pull | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | dragen | vb | to draw | W7 |
| draggen | vb | to drag | W7 | |
| draght | n | draft, move in chess | W7 | |
| drawen | vb | to draw | W7 | |
| draye | n | dray, wheelless vehicle | W7 | |
| English: | draft | n | act of drawing net | AHD/W7 |
| drag | vb | to haul, draw slowly/heavily | AHD/W7 | |
| draw, drew, drawn | vb | to drag, haul, cause to move continuously | AHD/W7 | |
| dray | n | vehicle for hauling goods | AHD/W7 | |
| dredge | n | boat anchor | IEW | |
| droshky | n | 2/4-wheeled (Russian) carriage | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | draga, drega | vb | to bear | ASD |
| Frisian: | dreag(j)en, dreyn | vb | to drag, draw | ASD |
| Dutch: | dragen | vb | to bear | ASD |
| drager | n | (mechanical) bearing | TLL | |
| trekken | vb | to drag, pull | LRC | |
| Old Saxon: | dragan | vb | to bear | ASD |
| Old High German: | tragan | vb | to bear, carry | ASD |
| Middle High German: | tragen | vb | to bear, endure | ASD |
| German: | tragen | vb | to bear, carry; wear | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | draga | vb | to drag, draw, haul | LRC |
| Icelandic: | draga | vb | to drag, carry | ASD |
| Danish: | drage | vb | to drag, draw, carry | ASD |
| trække | vb | to drag, pull | LRC | |
| Swedish: | draga | vb | to drag, pull; wear | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | dragan | vb | to carry | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | dētrahō, detrahere, dētraxī, detractum | vb | to remove, take off | LRC |
| traho, trahere | vb | to draw, drag | W7 | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Russian: | droga | n | wagon pole | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| irr | = | irregular |
| n | = | noun |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |