Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. dheu-, dhu̯-ēi- 'to die, faint, vanish'
Semantic Field(s): to Die; Dead; Death
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | díth | n | end, death | GED/RPN |
| duine | adj | mortal | GED | |
| duine | n.masc | person, human being | IED/W7 | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | dēad | adj | dead | GED |
| dēaþ | n.str.masc | death | GED | |
| dwīnan | vb.str | to dwindle, decrease, vanish | ASD/GED | |
| dȳdan | vb.wk | to kill | GED | |
| Middle English: | deed | n | dead | W7 |
| deeth | n | death | W7 | |
| dien | vb | to die | W7 | |
| English: | Dáin | prop.n | dwarf name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| dead | adj | lifeless, having died | AHD/W7 | |
| death | n | end of life, permanent cessation of vital function | AHD/W7 | |
| die | vb.intrans | to expire, end physical life | AHD/W7 | |
| dwindle | vb | to shrink, diminish, become less | AHD/CDC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | dād, dath | adj | dead | ASD/GED |
| dāth, dad | n.str.masc | death | ASD/GED | |
| dēda | vb.wk | to kill | GED | |
| Frisian: | dea | adj | dead | ASD |
| dea(d) | n | death | ASD | |
| Dutch: | dood | adj | dead | ASD |
| dood | n.masc | death | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | dōd | adj | dead | GED |
| dōð | n.str.masc | death | GED | |
| dōjan | vb.wk | to die | GED | |
| Old High German: | tōd | n.str.masc | death | GED |
| tōt | adj | dead | GED | |
| tōten | vb.wk | to kill | GED/RPN | |
| touwen | vb.wk | to die | GED/RPN | |
| Middle High German: | tōt | adj | dead | ASD |
| tōt | n.masc | death | ASD | |
| German: | Tod | n.masc | death | ASD |
| to(d)t | adj | dead | ASD | |
| töten | vb | to kill | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | dauðr | adj/n.masc | dead; death | LRC |
| Dáinn | prop.n.masc | Dain (Edda dwarf) | ICE | |
| dáinn | adj | dead, deceased | ICE | |
| deyja | vb | to die, pass away | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | dauði | n.str.masc | death | GED |
| dauðr | adj | dead | GED | |
| deyða | vb.wk | to kill | GED | |
| deyja | vb.str | to die | GED | |
| dvīna | vb | to dwindle, decrease, vanish | GED | |
| Icelandic: | dauði | n.masc | death | GED |
| dauðr | adj | dead | GED | |
| dvīna, dvina | vb | to dwindle, pine away | ASD | |
| Danish: | død | adj | dead | ASD |
| død | n.masc/fem | death | ASD | |
| tvine | vb | to weep, vanish | ASD | |
| Swedish: | död | adj | dead | ASD |
| död | n.masc | death | ASD | |
| twina | vb | to languish, pine away | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | dauþjan | vb.wk.I | to kill, put to death | GED |
| dauþs | adj | dead | GED | |
| dauþs | adj | dead | RPN | |
| dauþus | n.masc | death | GED/RPN | |
| *diwan | vb.str.V | to die | GED | |
| ga-dauþnan | vb.wk.IV | to die | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | fūnus | n | death, funeral, burial | GED/RPN |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | dandukessar | n | mortality | GED |
| danduki- | adj | mortal, human | GED | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | di, dīakn | n | corpse | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| IV | = | class 4 |
| V | = | class 5 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |