Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. dheu-, dhu̯-ēi- 'to die, faint, vanish'
Semantic Field(s): to Die; Dead; Death
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | díth | n | end, death | GED/RPN |
duine | adj | mortal | GED | |
duine | n.masc | person, human being | IED/W7 | |
English | ||||
Old English: | dēad | adj | dead | GED |
dēaþ | n.str.masc | death | GED | |
dwīnan | vb.str | to dwindle, decrease, vanish | ASD/GED | |
dȳdan | vb.wk | to kill | GED | |
Middle English: | deed | n | dead | W7 |
deeth | n | death | W7 | |
dien | vb | to die | W7 | |
English: | Dáin | prop.n | dwarf name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
dead | adj | lifeless, having died | AHD/W7 | |
death | n | end of life, permanent cessation of vital function | AHD/W7 | |
die | vb.intrans | to expire, end physical life | AHD/W7 | |
dwindle | vb | to shrink, diminish, become less | AHD/CDC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | dād, dath | adj | dead | ASD/GED |
dāth, dad | n.str.masc | death | ASD/GED | |
dēda | vb.wk | to kill | GED | |
Frisian: | dea | adj | dead | ASD |
dea(d) | n | death | ASD | |
Dutch: | dood | adj | dead | ASD |
dood | n.masc | death | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | dōd | adj | dead | GED |
dōð | n.str.masc | death | GED | |
dōjan | vb.wk | to die | GED | |
Old High German: | tōd | n.str.masc | death | GED |
tōt | adj | dead | GED | |
tōten | vb.wk | to kill | GED/RPN | |
touwen | vb.wk | to die | GED/RPN | |
Middle High German: | tōt | adj | dead | ASD |
tōt | n.masc | death | ASD | |
German: | Tod | n.masc | death | ASD |
to(d)t | adj | dead | ASD | |
töten | vb | to kill | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | dauðr | adj/n.masc | dead; death | LRC |
Dáinn | prop.n.masc | Dain (Edda dwarf) | ICE | |
dáinn | adj | dead, deceased | ICE | |
deyja | vb | to die, pass away | LRC | |
Old Icelandic: | dauði | n.str.masc | death | GED |
dauðr | adj | dead | GED | |
deyða | vb.wk | to kill | GED | |
deyja | vb.str | to die | GED | |
dvīna | vb | to dwindle, decrease, vanish | GED | |
Icelandic: | dauði | n.masc | death | GED |
dauðr | adj | dead | GED | |
dvīna, dvina | vb | to dwindle, pine away | ASD | |
Danish: | død | adj | dead | ASD |
død | n.masc/fem | death | ASD | |
tvine | vb | to weep, vanish | ASD | |
Swedish: | död | adj | dead | ASD |
död | n.masc | death | ASD | |
twina | vb | to languish, pine away | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | dauþjan | vb.wk.I | to kill, put to death | GED |
dauþs | adj | dead | GED | |
dauþs | adj | dead | RPN | |
dauþus | n.masc | death | GED/RPN | |
*diwan | vb.str.V | to die | GED | |
ga-dauþnan | vb.wk.IV | to die | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | fūnus | n | death, funeral, burial | GED/RPN |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | dandukessar | n | mortality | GED |
danduki- | adj | mortal, human | GED | |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | di, dīakn | n | corpse | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
IV | = | class 4 |
V | = | class 5 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |