Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dhl̥gh- 'debt, guilt, duty'
Semantic Field(s): Debt, Fault, Guilt
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | plega | n.masc | play, movement, battle, applause | ASD/W7 |
| pleg(i)an, plægan, plagian | vb.wk | to play, cohabit (with) | ASD/W7 | |
| pliht | n.masc | danger | ASD/W7 | |
| plihtan | vb.wk | to endanger, compromise | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | play | n | play | W7 |
| pledge | n | pledge | W7 | |
| plighten | vb | to plight | W7 | |
| replevin | n | replevin | W7 | |
| English: | frankpledge | n | mutual responsibility for good conduct | AHD/W7 |
| play | n | act of briskly using/handling weapon/instrument | AHD/W7 | |
| pledge | n | promise of chattel as security for debt/other obligation | AHD/W7 | |
| plight | vb.trans | to engage, put/give in pledge | AHD/W7 | |
| replevin | n | provisional recovery of goods/chattels said to be wrongfully taken | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | plicht | n | danger | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | pleyen | vb | to play | W7 |
| Old High German: | pflegan | vb | to take care of | W7 |
| pfligida | n | danger | ASD | |
| German: | pflegen | vb | to take care of | LRC |
| Pflicht | n.fem | obligation, responsibility | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Old French: | plevir | vb | to pledge | W7 |
| replevir | vb | to give security | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | replevine | n.fem | pledge | W7 |
| replevir | vb | to give security | W7 | |
| Middle French: | plege | n.fem | pledge | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
