Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dhug(h)əter- 'daughter'
Semantic Field(s): Daughter
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | dohtor, dōhtur, dōhter | n.fem | daughter | ASD/GED |
| Middle English: | doughter | n | daughter | W7 |
| English: | daughter | n | female (human) child | AHD/W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | dochter | n.fem | daughter | GED |
| Frisian: | doayter, dochter | n | daughter | ASD |
| Dutch: | dochter | n.fem | daughter | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | dohtar, dohter, dohtor | n.fem | daughter | ASD/GED |
| Old High German: | tochter | n.str.fem | daughter | GED |
| tohter, tohtar | n.fem | daughter | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle High German: | tohter | n.fem | daughter | ASD |
| German: | Tochter | n.fem | daughter | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | dohtriz | n.fem.pl | daughters | GED |
| Old Norse: | dóttir | n.fem | daughter | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | dōttir | n.fem | daughter | GED |
| Icelandic: | dōttir | n.fem | daughter | ASD |
| Danish: | datter | n.fem | daughter | ASD |
| Swedish: | dotter | n.fem | daughter | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | dauhtar | n.fem | daughter | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | futir | n.fem | daughter | GED |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | duckti | n.fem | daughter | GED |
| Lithuanian: | duktė | n.fem | daughter | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | dъšti, dъšter | n.fem | daughter | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | θυγάτηρ | n.fem | daughter | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | dustr | n.fem | daughter | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | duγðar | n.fem | daughter | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | duhitā́ | n.fem | daughter | GED |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | tkācer | n.fem | daughter | GED |
| Tocharian A: | ckācar | n.fem | daughter | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
