Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. e-, ei-, i-, fem. ī- '(demonstrative particle: one, this, etc.)'
Semantic Field(s): One
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | begeondan, beiundan | adv/prep | beyond | ASD/W7 |
| gēa | adv | yea | W7 | |
| gēo, gīo, gū | adv | already | GED | |
| geon | adj | yon | W7 | |
| geond | adv | yond | W7 | |
| geondan | adv | beyond | W7 | |
| gi(e)f, gyf, gib | conj | if | ASD/GED | |
| gīet | adv | yet | W7 | |
| ilca | adj/pron | (the) same | ASD | |
| nefne, næfne, nemne | conj | except, unless, if not | ASD/GED | |
| Middle English: | beyond | adv | beyond | W7 |
| -er | adv.sfx | more/greater | W7 | |
| hither | adv | yonder | W7 | |
| if | conj | if | W7 | |
| ilk | n/pron | ilk; same | AHD | |
| item | adv | item, in addition, also | W7 | |
| ya, ye | adv | yea, yes | W7 | |
| yet | adv | yet | W7 | |
| yon | adj | yon, yonder | W7 | |
| yond | adv | yonder | W7 | |
| yonder | adv | yonder | W7 | |
| English: | beyond | adv | farther, on/to far side | AHD/W7 |
| ibidem | adv | in the same place | AHD | |
| -id | sfx | secondary allergic skin rash | AHD/W7 | |
| id | n | source of organism's energy from which ego/libido are derived | AHD/W7 | |
| id | n | secondary allergic skin rash | AHD/W7 | |
| idem | pron | same, previously mentioned | AHD/W7 | |
| identical | adj | being the same | AHD/W7 | |
| identify | vb | to establish identity | AHD | |
| identity | n | sameness of character in different instances | AHD/W7 | |
| if | conj | in the event that | AHD/W7 | |
| ilk | n | type, kind | AHD | |
| item | adv | also, in addition | AHD/W7 | |
| iterate | vb.trans | to repeat | AHD/W7 | |
| reiterate | vb.trans | to do/say again/repeatedly | AHD/W7 | |
| yea | adv | yes | AHD/W7 | |
| yet | adv | besides, in addition | AHD/W7 | |
| yon | adj | yonder | AHD/W7 | |
| yond | adv | yonder | AHD/W7 | |
| yonder | adv | at/in a more/less distant place | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ie, ge | adv | yea | ASD |
| ieta | adv | yet | W7 | |
| jef, jof | conj | if | GED | |
| Frisian: | ja | adv | yea | ASD |
| Dutch: | ja | adv | yea | ASD |
| of | conj | or, either, whether | TLL | |
| ofschoon | conj | although | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | ef | conj | if | GED |
| giu, ju | adv | already | GED | |
| jā | adv | yea | ASD | |
| Old High German: | giu, ju | adv | already | GED |
| ienēr | dem.adj | that | W7 | |
| jā | adv | yes | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | jā | adv | yea | ASD |
| German: | er | pron.3.sg.masc.nom | he, it | TLL |
| es | pron.3.sg.neut.nom/acc | her | TLL | |
| ihm | pron.3.sg.masc/neut.dat | him | TLL | |
| ihn | pron.3.sg.masc.acc | him | TLL | |
| Ihnen | pron.2.sg/pl.dat | you (polite) | TLL | |
| ihnen | pron.3.pl.dat | them | TLL | |
| ihr | pron.3.pl.gen | their | TLL | |
| ihr | pron.3.sg.fem.dat | her | TLL | |
| ihr | pron.3.sg.fem.gen | her | TLL | |
| ja | adv | yea | ASD | |
| ob | conj | if, whether | TLL | |
| obgleich | conj | although | TLL | |
| obschon | conj | although | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | ef | conj | if, lest, whether | LRC |
| er | rel.pcl | who, which; when | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | ef, if | n.str.neut | doubt | GED |
| efa | vb.wk | to doubt | GED | |
| Icelandic: | jā | adv | yea, yes | ASD |
| Danish: | ja, jo | adv | yea | ASD |
| Swedish: | ja, jo | adv | yea | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | is | pers.pron | he, she, it | LRC |
| ita | pron.3.sg | it | LRC | |
| jaind | adv | yond, there | ASD | |
| ju | adv | now, already | GED | |
| juþan | adv | already | GED | |
| saei | rel.pron | (he) who, which | LRC | |
| þáu | adv | then, in that case | LRC | |
| ya(i) | adv | yea | ASD | |
| Crimean Gothic: | ies | pers.pron | he | CGo |
| ita | nbr.card | one (1) | CGo | |
| *þiinita, thiin-ita | nbr.card | eleven (10 + 1) | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | eíseís | pron | he | RPN |
| Umbrian: | ere | pers.pron | he, it | RPN |
| erek, eřek | pron | he, it | RPN | |
| erse | pron | he, it | RPN | |
| Latin: | iam | adv | already | LRC |
| ibi | adv | there, then | LRC | |
| ibīdem | adv | ibidem | AHD/ELD | |
| -id | n.sfx | (patronymic) | W7 | |
| id | pron.neut | it | W7 | |
| idem | pron | the same | W7 | |
| ipse, ipsa, ipsum | inten.pron | self | LRC | |
| is, ea, id | dem.pron | him, her, this | LRC | |
| -is | n.sfx.fem | (patronymic) | W7 | |
| ita | adv | thus | LRC | |
| itaque | adv | and also | LRC | |
| item | adv | also, the same way | LRC | |
| itero, iterare, iteravi, iteratus | vb | to repeat, do again | W7 | |
| iterum | adv | again | W7 | |
| reitero, reiterare, reiteravi, reiteratus | vb | to repeat | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | identitas, identitatis | n.fem | identity | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | identicus | adj | identical | W7 |
| French: | -ide | sfx | likeness | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | jaũ | adv | just, already | GED |
| jéi | conj | if | GED | |
| jìs, jì | pron | he, she, it | LRC | |
| õ | conj | and, but | LRC | |
| Latvian: | arvien | adv | all the time, the whole time | LRC |
| ja | conj | if | GED | |
| jàu | adv | already | GED | |
| vienlīdzīgi | adv | equally | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | eterъ | adj | one, a certain | LRC |
| *i | dem.pron | he | LRC | |
| i | adv/conj | and, even | LRC | |
| iže | rel.pron | who, which | LRC | |
| inъ | dem.adj | this, this one here | LRC | |
| kъde | int.adv | when, where | LRC | |
| sьde | adv | here | LRC | |
| u(že) | adv | already | GED | |
| ju(že) | adv | already | GED | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | εἰ | conj | if | LRC |
| ἐκεῖ | adv | there | LRC | |
| ἐκεῖνος | dem.pron | that | LRC | |
| enē | adj | of the day/year before | W7 | |
| ἔνθα | adv | then, there | LRC | |
| ἐπεάν | conj | when, after | LRC | |
| ἐπεί | conj | when, after | LRC | |
| ἐπειδή | conj | after | LRC | |
| ἔπειτα | adv | thereupon | LRC | |
| ἕως | conj | until | LRC | |
| ἠδέ | conj | and, also | LRC | |
| μιν | pron | it | LRC | |
| οἶον | adv | so to say | LRC | |
| οἶος | adj | alone | LRC | |
| ὅς | pron.dem/poss/rel | this, that, he, she, it | LRC | |
| ὡς | adv/conj | so, as, thus | LRC | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | ayn | pron | that (over there); he, she, it | LRC |
| ays | dem.adj/pron | this, this right here | LRC | |
| etʿe | conj | that; if; or | LRC | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | aēša- | pron | this | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | itara | n | the other | W7 |
| iti | conj | thus | W7 | |
| eṣá-ḥ | pron | this | RPN | |
| yád | conj | if | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | = | 2nd person |
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| card | = | cardinal |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| dat | = | dative (case) |
| dem | = | demonstrative |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| gen | = | genitive (case) |
| int | = | interrogative (mood) |
| inten | = | intensive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| nbr | = | number |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| nom | = | nominative (case) |
| pcl | = | particle |
| pers | = | personal |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| poss | = | possessive (case) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| rel | = | relative |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
