Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ed- 'to eat'
Semantic Field(s): to Eat
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | dēt | n | tooth | GED |
| essur | vb | to eat | GED | |
| Welsh: | dant | n | tooth | GED |
| esu | vb | to eat | LRC | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ǣs | n.str.neut | carcass | GED |
| ǣt | n.str.neut | food | GED | |
| ent | n.masc | giant, strong/mighty person | ASD | |
| entisc | adj | re: giant(s) | LRC | |
| e(ō)ten | n.masc | giant, monster | ASD | |
| eōtenisc, eōtonisc | adj | re: giant, monster | ASD | |
| etan, æt, æton, eten | vb.str | to eat | GED | |
| ettan, ettede, etted | vb.wk.I | to feed, graze, pasture | LRC | |
| fretan | vb | to devour | W7 | |
| tind | n.masc | tine, tooth (of implement) | ASD/IEW | |
| tōþ, tēþ | n | tooth, teeth | GED | |
| tūsc, tūx | n | tush, tusk | GED | |
| Northumbrian: | eta | vb | to eat | ASD |
| Middle English: | denticle | n | denticle | W7 |
| endenture | n | indenture, written agreement | AHD | |
| eont | n | giant | OED | |
| eten | vb | to eat | W7 | |
| et(t)in | n | giant, monster | OED | |
| freten | vb | to fret, devour | W7 | |
| indenten | vb | to indent | W7 | |
| tind | n | tine | W7 | |
| tooth | n | tooth | W7 | |
| tusche | n | tush | AHD | |
| tusk, tux | n | tusk | W7 | |
| English: | anodyne | adj | soothing, serving to assuage pain | AHD/W7 |
| ceratodus | n | recent/fossil dipnoan fish | AHD/W7 | |
| comedo | n | blackhead | AHD/W7 | |
| comestible | adj | edible | AHD/W7 | |
| conodont | n | extinct small fishlike chordate with conical teeth | AHD | |
| creodont | n | extinct carnivorous mammal, lit. flesh-tooth | AHD | |
| dandelion | n | Eurasian plant with large bright-yellow flower | AHD/CDC | |
| dental | adj | re: teeth/dentistry | AHD/W7 | |
| dentate | adj | having teeth/pointed conical projections | AHD/W7 | |
| denti- | pfx | re: tooth/teeth | AHD | |
| denticle | n | small tooth/other conical pointed projection | AHD/W7 | |
| dentist | n | one who treats teeth and associated tissues | AHD/W7 | |
| eat, ate, eaten | vb.str | to ingest, chew, and swallow as food | AHD/W7 | |
| edacious | adj | re: eating | AHD/W7 | |
| edentate | adj | lacking teeth | AHD/W7 | |
| edentulous | adj | toothless | AHD/W7 | |
| edible | adj | eatable, fit to be eaten | AHD/W7 | |
| Ent | prop.n | tree-herder in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Enting | prop.n | Ent child in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Entish | prop.n | Ent language in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Entmaiden | prop.n | young female Ent in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Entmoot | prop.n | Ent gathering in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Entwade | prop.n | Rohan river fords in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Entwash | prop.n | Rohan river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Entwives | prop.n.pl | adult female Ents in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Entwood | prop.n | a.k.a. Fangorn Forest in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| escarole | n | endive | AHD/W7 | |
| esculent | adj | edible | AHD/W7 | |
| esurient | adj | greedy, hungry | AHD/W7 | |
| etch | vb | to draw/write esp. on metal/glass by corrosive acidic action | AHD/W7 | |
| Ettendales | prop.n.pl | troll-fells in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Ettenmoors | prop.n.pl | troll-fells in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| frass | n | insect droppings/excrement | AHD | |
| fret | vb.trans | to vex, cause suffering via emotional strain | AHD/W7 | |
| indent | vb | to cut/divide document to produce irregular pieces that can be matched | AHD/W7 | |
| indenture | n | contract binding one into service | AHD | |
| mastodon | n | extinct giant mammal akin to elephant | AHD/W7 | |
| obese | adj | corpulent, excessively fat | AHD/W7 | |
| -odon | n.sfx | tooth | AHD | |
| -odont | adj.sfx | re: teeth of specified nature | AHD/W7 | |
| odont(o)- | pfx | tooth | AHD | |
| pleurodynia | n | paroxysmal pain/soreness of muscles between ribs | AHD | |
| postprandial | adj | after meal/dinner | AHD | |
| prandial | adj | re: meal/dinner | AHD | |
| Samoyed | prop.n | one from Siberian Urals | LRC | |
| Silvertine | prop.n | Moria mountain peak in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Tindrock | prop.n | island a.k.a. Tol Brandir in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| tine | n | prong, tooth, slender pointed projection | GED | |
| tooth, teeth | n.str | hard bony appendage(s) on vertebrate's jaw used to masticate food | AHD/W7 | |
| trident | adj | having 3 teeth/points/processes | AHD/W7 | |
| trident | n | 3-pronged spear associated with sea god in classical mythology | AHD/W7 | |
| tush | n | tusk, tooth | AHD | |
| tusk | n | elongated, greatly enlarged tooth projecting from mouth even when closed | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ǣt | n.str.neut | food | GED |
| ēt | n.str.neut | food | GED | |
| eta, ita | vb.str | to eat | GED | |
| etta | vb.wk | to feed, pasture | GED | |
| tōth, tond | n.masc | tooth, tusk | ASD/GED | |
| tusk | n.wk.masc | tusk, tooth | ASD/GED | |
| Frisian: | ytten | vb | to eat | ASD |
| Dutch: | aas | n.neut | carrion | ASD |
| eten | vb | to eat | ASD | |
| etsen | vb | to etch | W7 | |
| tand | n | tooth | TLL | |
| vreten | vb | to devour | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | āt | n.str.neut | food | GED |
| etan, etān | vb.str | to eat | ASD/GED | |
| tand | n | tooth | GED | |
| zand | n.masc | tooth, tusk | ASD | |
| Old Low German: | zand | n.masc | tooth, tusk | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | or-āte, or-ēte | n | straw, remainder of animal feed | GED |
| ort | n | food remnants | GED | |
| tind | n | tine | GED | |
| tinne | n | pinnacle | GED | |
| Low German: | freten, vreten | vb | to devour | ASD |
| Old High German: | ās | n.str.neut | carcass | GED |
| āz | n.str.neut | food | GED | |
| āzig | adj | enjoyable | GED | |
| azzen, ezzen | vb.wk | to feed, pasture | GED | |
| ez(z)an | vb.str | to eat | ASD/GED | |
| frezzan, farëzzan, firezan, frëzan | vb.str | to devour | ASD/GED | |
| zand, zan(t) | n.masc | tooth, tusk | ASD/W7 | |
| zinna | n.wk.fem | pinnacle | GED | |
| Middle High German: | ās | n.neut | carrion | ASD |
| ëzzen | vb | to eat | ASD | |
| vrëzzen | vb | to devour | ASD | |
| zint | n.str.masc | prong, spike, tooth | GED | |
| German: | Aas | n.neut | carrion | ASD |
| ätzen | vb | to feed | W7 | |
| essen | vb.irr | to eat | ASD | |
| fressen | vb | to devour | ASD | |
| Zahn | n.masc | tooth | LRC | |
| Zinke | n.fem | prong | LRC | |
| Zinne | n.fem | pinnacle | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | jǫtunn | n.masc | giant, monster | LRC |
| tǫnn, teðr | n.fem | tooth, teeth | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | af-āt, of-āt | n.str.neut | gluttony | GED |
| āt | n.str.neut | food | GED | |
| eta | vb.str | to eat | GED | |
| etja | vb.wk | to feed, pasture | GED | |
| of-āt | n | fodder | GED | |
| tindr | n | tip; tooth on wheel | GED | |
| ǣtr | adj | edible | GED | |
| ætr | adj | enjoyable | GED | |
| Icelandic: | eta | vb | to eat | ASD |
| tindr | n.masc | spike; peak | ASD | |
| tonn | n.masc | tooth, tusk | ASD | |
| Danish: | aas | n.neut | carrion | ASD |
| fraadse | vb | to devour | ASD | |
| tand | n | tooth | TLL | |
| äde | vb | to eat | ASD | |
| Swedish: | as | n.neut | carrion | ASD |
| frata, frassa | vb | to devour | ASD | |
| tand | n | tooth | LRC | |
| äta | vb | to eat | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | af-etja | n.masc | glutton | GED |
| fra-atjan | vb.wk.I | to give (as food) | GED | |
| fra-itan | vb.str.IV | to devour | GED | |
| itan | vb.str.V | to eat | LRC | |
| *tunþus | n.masc | tooth, tusk | GED | |
| uz-ēta | n.wk.masc | crib, manger | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | comedo, comedere, comedi, comestus | vb | to eat, consume | W7 |
| comedo | n.masc | glutton | W7 | |
| dens, dentis | n.masc | tooth | GED | |
| dentalis | adj | of the teeth | W7 | |
| dentatus | adj | dentate, who has teeth | W7 | |
| denticulus | n.masc | small teeth | W7 | |
| edax, edacis | adj | edacious, glutton | W7 | |
| edento, edentāre, edentāvī, edentātus | vb | to make toothless | W7 | |
| edentulus | adj | having lost the teeth (diminutive) | W7 | |
| edō, edere, ēsse | vb | to eat | GED | |
| esca | n.fem | food | W7 | |
| escarius | adj | of food | W7 | |
| esculentus | adj | edible | W7 | |
| esuriens, esurientis | vb.ptc | being hungry | W7 | |
| esurio, esurire | vb | to be hungry | W7 | |
| obedo, obedere, obēdī, obēsus | vb | to eat up | W7 | |
| tridens, tridentis | adj | having three teeth | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | edibilis | adj | edible | W7 |
| escariola | n.fem | food | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | comestibilis | adj | edible | W7 |
| New Latin: | ceratodus | adj | animal with horns | W7 |
| comedo | n.masc | blackhead | W7 | |
| mastodon, mastodontis | n.neut | mastodon, very large beast | W7 | |
| Old French: | dent | n.fem | tooth | W7 |
| endenter | vb | to grow the teeth | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | endenter | vb | to indent | AHD |
| Middle French: | comestible | adj | edible | W7 |
| endenter | vb | to grow the teeth | W7 | |
| French: | dent | n.fem | tooth | W7 |
| dentiste | n.masc | dentist | W7 | |
| escarole | n.fem | (type of) chicory | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | īdis | n | food, meal | GED |
| īst | vb | to eat | GED | |
| Lithuanian: | dantìs | n | tooth | GED |
| edu | vb | to eat | LRC | |
| ėda | n.fem | food | GED | |
| ėdis | n.masc | food, fodder | GED | |
| ėdžia | n | glutton | GED | |
| ėsti | vb | to eat | GED | |
| úodas | n | eater, mosquito | GED | |
| Latvian: | êst | vb | to eat | GED |
| uôds | n | eater, mosquito | GED | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Czech: | uršš | n | food remnants | GED |
| Old Church Slavonic: | ob-ědъ | n | meal | GED |
| ědь | n | food | GED | |
| jadь | n | food | GED | |
| jamь | vb | to eat | GED | |
| jasli | n.fem.pl | manger | LRC | |
| Russian: | samoed | n | Samoyed | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Aeolic: | ἔ-δοντες | n.pl | teeth | GED |
| Ionic: | ὀ-δών | n.masc | tooth | GED |
| Homeric Greek: | ἔδω | vb | to eat, gnaw | LRC |
| ἐσθίω, ἔσθω | vb | to eat, consume | LRC | |
| ὀδάξ | adv | biting, with teeth | GED | |
| ὀδούς, ὀδόντος | n.masc | tooth | GED | |
| Greek: | anōdynos | n.masc | something that soothes pain | W7 |
| δάκνω | vb | to bite | GED | |
| ἔδμεναι | vb | to eat | GED | |
| ἔδω | vb | to eat | GED | |
| ἐδωδή | n | food | GED | |
| ἐδωδός | adj | greedy | GED | |
| κατέδω | vb | to eat up, devour | LRC | |
| odynē | n.fem | pain | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | ed-mi | vb | to eat | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | a-ta-mn | n | tooth | GED/IEW |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | aδāiti | vb | to eat | LRC |
| dantan-, datā | n | tooth | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ád-mi | vb | to eat | LRC |
| ādyás | adj | edible, palatable | GED | |
| dán, datás | n | tooth | GED | |
| dáśati | vb | to bite | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| IV | = | class 4 |
| V | = | class 5 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| irr | = | irregular |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
