Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: eg̑hs, eg̑hz 'from, out of, ex-'
Semantic Field(s): Far (adj)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | ex- | pfx | ex- | W7 |
| external | adj | external | W7 | |
| extreme | adj | extreme | W7 | |
| strange | adj | strange | W7 | |
| English: | ec-, ek- | pfx | from, out of | TLL |
| ecto- | pfx | from, out of | AHD | |
| eschatology | n | belief in/about end of world/last things | AHD/W7 | |
| estrange | vb.trans | to remove from usual environment/associations | AHD/W7 | |
| ex- | pfx | outside, out of | AHD/W7 | |
| ex | prep | from, without, out of | AHD/W7 | |
| exact | adj | precise | AHD/W7 | |
| exact | vb.trans | to draw out from, extort | AHD/W7 | |
| exacta | n | perfecta: bettor picks 1st/2nd finishers | AHD | |
| exanthem(a) | n | eruptive disease (e.g. measles) | AHD/W7 | |
| exarch | adj | re: non-central early development (biology) | AHD/W7 | |
| exarch | n | Byzantine viceroy | AHD/W7 | |
| excrescence | n | abnormal/immoderate outgrowth/enlargement | AHD/W7 | |
| exedra | n | outdoor bench with high back | AHD | |
| exemplary | adj | serving as pattern | AHD/W7 | |
| exemplum | n | model, example | AHD/W7 | |
| exergonic | adj | releasing energy | AHD | |
| exine | n | outer layer of wall of spore/pollen grain | AHD | |
| exit | n | departure from stage | AHD/W7 | |
| exit | vb | to leave, go out | LRC | |
| exo- | pfx | outside, out of | AHD/W7 | |
| exodus | n | emigration, mass departure | AHD | |
| exoergic | adj | releasing energy | AHD | |
| exosporium | n | exine | AHD | |
| exoteric | adj | suitable to be revealed to public | AHD/W7 | |
| exotic | adj | introduced from another country | AHD/W7 | |
| exterior | adj | outer, external | AHD/W7 | |
| external | adj | re: being perceived outwardly | AHD/W7 | |
| extra- | pfx | beyond, outside | AHD/W7 | |
| extra | adj | more than due/usual/necessary | W7 | |
| extreme | adj | re: highest/greatest possible degree | AHD/W7 | |
| exuberate | vb | to overflow; be exuberant | AHD/W7 | |
| strange | adj | alien, foreign, re: another country | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | Export | n.masc | export | LRC |
| extra | adj | extra | LRC | |
| extrem | adj | extreme | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | ex, ē | prep/pfx | from, away, out of | LRC |
| exeo, exīre, exii, exitum | vb | to exit, go forth/away | LRC | |
| exotericus | adj | meant for outsiders | W7 | |
| exoticus | adj | foreign, exotic | W7 | |
| exter | adv | outside | W7 | |
| exterior, exterioris | adj | outer | LRC | |
| externus | adj | external, (from the) outside | W7 | |
| exterus | adj | being foreign, on the outside | W7 | |
| extrā | adv/prep | outside, except, beyond | W7 | |
| extraneus | adj | external, strange | W7 | |
| extremus | adj.sup | extreme, the most | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | ex- | pfx | out, forth, away | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | extraneo, extraneare | vb | to become estranged | W7 |
| Portuguese: | desde | prep | since | TLL |
| Spanish: | desde | prep | since | TLL |
| estraño | adj | strange | TLL | |
| Old French: | estrange | adj | strange, foreign | W7 |
| ex-, es- | pfx | out, forth, away | W7 | |
| Middle French: | estranger | n.masc | foreigner | W7 |
| ex- | pfx | out of, from | W7 | |
| extrême | adj | of the end, outermost | W7 | |
| French: | étrange | adj | strange | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | ìš | prep | from | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Slavic: | iz | prep | out of | W7 |
| Old Church Slavonic: | iz | prep | out of | LRC |
| iziti, izidǫ, izideši | vb | to exit, go out | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἐκ | prep | from, out of | LRC |
| ἐξ | prep | from, out of | LRC | |
| ἐξαίφνης | adv | suddenly | LRC | |
| ἐξάπινα | adv | suddenly | LRC | |
| ἐξαπίνης | adv | on a sudden | LRC | |
| ἐξίτηλος | adj | fading, forgotten | LRC | |
| ἔξω | adv | outside | LRC | |
| exōterikos | adj | external | W7 | |
| exōterō | adv | more outside | W7 | |
| exōtikos | adj | exotic | W7 | |
| eschatos | adj | last, farthest | W7 | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | i | prep | from, out of, away from; from among | LRC |
| yarnem | vb | to rise up | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prep | = | preposition |
| sup | = | superlative |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
