Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. ei- 'to go, exit'
Semantic Field(s): to Go
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ēode | vb.supp.pret.1/3.sg | went | LRC |
| gēar, gēr, gǣr | n.neut | year; (name for) J-rune | ASD | |
| gēar-dæg | n.masc | long ago (lit. year-day) | LRC | |
| Middle English: | ambition | n | ambition | W7 |
| circuit | n | circuit | W7 | |
| comencen | vb | to commence | W7 | |
| counte | n | county | W7 | |
| eire | n | eyre | W7 | |
| erraunt | adj | errant | W7 | |
| hour | n | hour | W7 | |
| issue | n | exit, proceeds | W7 | |
| Januarie | prop.n | January | W7 | |
| perisshen | vb | to perish | W7 | |
| preterit | adj | preterit | W7 | |
| pretor | n | praetor | W7 | |
| sedition | n | sedition | W7 | |
| sodain | adj | sudden | W7 | |
| trance | n | trance | W7 | |
| viscounte | n | viscount | W7 | |
| yere | n | year | W7 | |
| English: | adit | n | nearly horizontal passage from surface in mine | AHD/W7 |
| ambient | adj | encompassing, surrounding on all sides | AHD/W7 | |
| ambition | n | desire for rank/fame/power | AHD/W7 | |
| anion | n | ion migrating to anode in electrolyzed solution | AHD/W7 | |
| cation | n | ion migrating to cathode in electrolyzed solution | AHD/W7 | |
| circuit | n | circular line encompassing area | AHD/W7 | |
| coitus | n | sexual intercourse | AHD/W7 | |
| comitia | n | public assembly of Romans to exercise judicial/electoral/legislative function | AHD/W7 | |
| commence | vb | to begin, enter upon | AHD/W7 | |
| concomitant | adj | accompanying, esp. in incidental/subordinate way | AHD/W7 | |
| count | n | European nobleman equivalent to English earl | AHD/W7 | |
| county | n | domain of count | AHD/W7 | |
| county | n.obs | count | AHD/W7 | |
| dysprosium | n | rare-earth element in highly magnetic compounds | AHD/W7 | |
| errant | adj | re: traveling | AHD/W7 | |
| exit | n | departure from stage | AHD/W7 | |
| exit | vb | to leave, go out | LRC | |
| eyre | n | periodic circuit | AHD/W7 | |
| Hinayana | prop.n | southern conservative branch of Buddhism | LRC | |
| horary | adj | re: hour | AHD/W7 | |
| hour | n | time for daily liturgical devotion | AHD/W7 | |
| initial | adj | incipient, re: beginning | AHD/W7 | |
| initiate | vb.trans | to start, set going | AHD/W7 | |
| introit | n | first part of mass | AHD/W7 | |
| ion | n | atom with positive/negative electric charge | AHD/W7 | |
| issue | n | proceeds from revenue source (e.g. estate) | AHD/W7 | |
| itinerant | adj | traveling place-to-place | AHD/W7 | |
| itinerary | n | journey's route | LRC | |
| janitor | n | doorkeeper | AHD/W7 | |
| January | prop.n | 1st month (in Gregorian calendar) | AHD/W7 | |
| Janus | prop.n | god of doors/beginnings (Roman mythology) | AHD | |
| Mahayana | prop.n | theistic branch of Buddhism, originated in 1st century A.D. | LRC | |
| obituary | n | notice of person's death | AHD/W7 | |
| perish | vb | to die, become ruined/destroyed | AHD/W7 | |
| praetor | n | Roman judicial magistrate ranking below consul | AHD/W7 | |
| preterit | adj | past, former, bygone | AHD/W7 | |
| sedition | n | inciting resistance to/insurrection against lawful authority | AHD/W7 | |
| subito | adv | suddenly, immediately | AHD/W7 | |
| sudden | adj | coming/happening unexpectedly | AHD/W7 | |
| trance | n | stupor, inability to function | AHD/W7 | |
| transient | adj | short-lived, passing into/out of existence | AHD/W7 | |
| transit | n | passage, act/process/instance of passing through/over | AHD/W7 | |
| transitive | adj | having/containing direct object | AHD/W7 | |
| viscount | n | British peer ranking above baron/below earl | AHD/W7 | |
| Yahrzeit | prop.n | anniversary of relative's death | AHD | |
| year | n | period of revolution of earth around sun (ca. 365 1/4 days) | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ier, iar, ger | n.neut | year | ASD |
| Frisian: | jier | n | year | ASD |
| Dutch: | horloge | n | clock, watch | TLL |
| jaar | n.neut | year | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | gēr, jār | n.neut | year | ASD |
| Low German: | ja(a)r | n.neut | year | ASD |
| Old High German: | jār | n.neut | year | ASD/W7 |
| Middle High German: | jār | n.neut | year | ASD |
| jārzīt | n.fem | anniversary | AHD | |
| German: | Ja(h)r | n.neut | year | ASD |
| Jahrzeit | n.fem | anniversary | AHD | |
| Uhr | n.fem | clock, watch | TLL | |
| Yiddish: | Yahrzeit | prop.n.fem | Yahrzeit, anniversary | AHD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | *jera | n | year; (name for) J-rune | LRC |
| Old Norse: | ár | n.neut | year; (good) season | LRC |
| Icelandic: | ār | n.neut | year | ASD |
| Danish: | aar | n.neut | year | ASD |
| ur | n | clock, watch | TLL | |
| Swedish: | år | n.neut | year | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ƕáiwa | adv | how, in what way | LRC |
| iddja | vb.supp.pret | went | GED/W7 | |
| jēr | n.str.neut | year | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | adeo, adīre, adii, aditus | vb | to go to | W7 |
| aditus, aditūs | n.masc | approach | W7 | |
| ambiens, ambientis | vb.pres.ptc | surrounding, going around | W7 | |
| ambio, ambīre | vb | to surround, go around | W7 | |
| ambitus, ambitūs | n.masc | orbit, cicuit, revolution, circumlocution | W7 | |
| circueo, circuire, circuii, circuitus | vb | to go around | W7 | |
| circumeo, circumire | vb | to go around | W7 | |
| coitus, coitūs | n.masc | a coming together | W7 | |
| coitus | vb.ptc | having come together | W7 | |
| comes, comitis | n.masc | companion, one of the imperial court | W7 | |
| comitia | n.neut.pl | assembly of the Roman people | W7 | |
| comitium | n.neut | house of the comitia | W7 | |
| comitor, comitāri | vb | to accompany | W7 | |
| concomitor, concomitāri | vb | to accompany | W7 | |
| eo, īre, ii, itus | vb | to go | W7 | |
| exeo, exīre, exii, exitum | vb | to exit, go forth/away | LRC | |
| exitus, exitūs | n.masc | act of going out; destruction | W7 | |
| hora | n.fem | hour | W7 | |
| ineo, inīre, inii, initus | vb | to begin, go into | W7 | |
| initialis | adj | first, initial | W7 | |
| initio, initiare | vb | to begin, induct, initiate | W7 | |
| initium | n.neut | beginning | W7 | |
| introeo, introīre, introii, introitus | vb | to go in | W7 | |
| introitus, introitūs | n.masc | introit, entrance | W7 | |
| iter, itineris | n.neut | way, road, journey | LRC | |
| itio, itionis | n.fem | act of going | W7 | |
| janitor | n.masc | doorkeeper | W7 | |
| janua | n.fem | door | W7 | |
| Januarius | prop.n.masc | January: month named for Janus | W7 | |
| Jānus, Iānus | prop.n.masc | Janus | W7 | |
| janus | n.masc | arch, gate | W7 | |
| obitus | n.masc | decease | W7 | |
| perio, perīre | vb | to perish | W7 | |
| praeter | prep.adv | beyond, past, by | W7 | |
| praetereo, praeterīre | vb | to go by, pass | W7 | |
| praeteritus | adj | passed in front of, passed | W7 | |
| praetor | n.masc | praetor | W7 | |
| seditio, seditionis | n.fem | separation | W7 | |
| subeo, subīre | vb | to come up | W7 | |
| subitaneus | adj | sudden | W7 | |
| subitō | adv | suddenly | W7 | |
| subitus | adj | sudden | W7 | |
| trānseō, transīre, transīvī, transitus | vb | to pass, go over/across | LRC | |
| transitus, transitūs | n.masc | a going across | W7 | |
| usus, usūs | n.masc | use, practice | LRC | |
| ūtor, ūtī, ūsus | vb.dep | to use | LRC | |
| vitō, vitāre, vitāvī, vitātus | vb | to shun, avoid, evade | LRC | |
| Vulgar Latin: | cominitio, cominitiare | vb | to commence | W7 |
| Late Latin: | comes, comitis | n.masc | count | W7 |
| comitatus | n.masc | office of a count | W7 | |
| hora | n.fem | hour, season | W7 | |
| initio, initiāre, initiāvī, initiātus | vb | to begin | W7 | |
| itinerans, itinerantis | vb.ptc | on the road, traveling | W7 | |
| itineror, itinerāri | vb | to journey | W7 | |
| transitivus | adj | transitive | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | comitatus | vb.ptc | assembly, retinue | W7 |
| horarius | n.masc | horary | W7 | |
| introitus | vb.ptc | introduced | W7 | |
| iterō, iterāre | vb | to travel | W7 | |
| obituarium | n.neut | obituary | W7 | |
| vicecomes, vicecomitis | n.masc | viscount | W7 | |
| New Latin: | dysprosium | n.neut | a chemical element | W7 |
| Old French: | ambition | n | ambition | AHD |
| conté | n.masc | county | W7 | |
| erre | n.masc/fem | trip | W7 | |
| errer | vb | to travel | W7 | |
| heure | n.fem | hour | W7 | |
| issir | vb | to go/come out | W7 | |
| issue | n.fem | exit | W7 | |
| perir, periss- | vb | to perish | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | eire | n.fem | trip | W7 |
| Middle French: | ambition | n.fem | ambition | W7 |
| circuite | n.masc | circuit | W7 | |
| comencer | vb | to start | W7 | |
| comte | n.masc | count | W7 | |
| initial | adj | first, beginning | W7 | |
| introite | adj | introit, internal | W7 | |
| issue | n.fem | end, exit, result | W7 | |
| sedition | n.fem | separation | W7 | |
| sodain | adj | sudden | W7 | |
| transe | n.fem | trance | W7 | |
| transir | vb | to swoon, pass away | W7 | |
| viscomte | n.masc | viscount | W7 | |
| French: | errant | adj | one who errs/wanders | W7 |
| errer | vb | to err, wander, travel | W7 | |
| heure | n | hour | TLL | |
| Italian: | subito | adj | quick, sudden | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | ēit | vb | to go | LRC |
| Lithuanian: | eiti | vb | to go | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | iti, idǫ, ideši | vb | to go | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | εἶμι | vb | to go, come | LRC |
| Greek: | anienai | vb | to go up | W7 |
| aniōn | vb.ptc | going up | W7 | |
| dysprositos | adj | hard to get at | W7 | |
| ἐπίειμι | vb | to come near | LRC | |
| ienai | vb | to go | AHD | |
| katienai | vb | to go down | W7 | |
| prosienai | vb | to approach | W7 | |
| prositos | adj | approachable | W7 | |
| hōra | n.fem | hour, time, season | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | i-it | vb | to go | LRC |
| iyatta(ri) | vb | to proceed | LRC | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | aēiti | vb | to go | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | éti | vb | to go | W7 |
| mahāyāna | n | theistic branch of Buddhism, lit. great vehicle | W7 | |
| hīnayāna | n | southern conservative branch of Buddhism, lit. lesser vehicle | W7 | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian A: | yā- | vb | to go | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | = | 1st person |
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| obs | = | obsolete |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| pret | = | preterite (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| supp | = | suppletive (form) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
