Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: em- 'to take'
Semantic Field(s): to Take
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Middle English: | assumen | vb | to assume | W7 |
consumen | vb | to consume | W7 | |
example | n | example | W7 | |
exemplifien | vb | to exemplify | W7 | |
exempt | adj | exempt | W7 | |
presumen | vb | to presume | W7 | |
prompt | adj | prompt | W7 | |
prompten | vb | to prompt | W7 | |
ransoun | n | ransom | W7 | |
redemen | vb | to redeem | W7 | |
redempcioun | n | redemption | W7 | |
resumen | vb | to resume | W7 | |
sample | n | sample | W7 | |
vintage, vendage | n | vintage | W7 | |
English: | ademption | n | revocation of gift made in will | AHD |
assume | vb.trans | to receive, take up/in | AHD/W7 | |
consume | vb | to destroy, do away with completely | AHD/W7 | |
example | n | fact/item/aspect/incident representative of group/type | AHD/W7 | |
exemplify | vb.trans | to show/illustrate by example | AHD/W7 | |
exempt | adj | set apart; free/released from liability | AHD/W7 | |
exempt | vb | to excuse, release, make exempt | W7 | |
impromptu | adj | improvised, made/done (as if) on spur of moment | AHD/W7 | |
peremptory | adj | ending/precluding right of action/debate/delay | AHD/W7 | |
preemption | n | right to purchase before others | AHD/W7 | |
premium | n | reward/recompense for particular act | AHD/W7 | |
presume | vb | to dare, take upon self without leave/warrant | AHD/W7 | |
prompt | adj | punctual, quick/ready to act | AHD/W7 | |
prompt | vb.trans | to incite, move to action | AHD/W7 | |
pronto | adv | promptly, quickly | AHD/W7 | |
ransom | n | payment (demanded) for redemption of captured person | AHD/W7 | |
redeem | vb.trans | to repurchase, buy back | AHD/W7 | |
redemption | n | buying back | AHD/W7 | |
resume | n | summary, summing up | AHD/W7 | |
resume | vb | to reoccupy, assume/take again | AHD/W7 | |
sample | n | specimen, representative from larger whole/group | AHD/W7 | |
subsume | vb.trans | to classify under general principle | AHD/W7 | |
sumptuary | adj | designed to limit luxury/extravagance/personal expenditure | AHD/W7 | |
sumptuous | adj | lavish, splendid, expensive | AHD | |
vintage | n | season's grape/wine yield from vineyard | AHD/W7 | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | ademptio, ademptiōnis | n.fem | ademption, taking away | AHD/CLD |
adimo, adimere | vb | to take away | AHD | |
assumo, assumere | vb | to assume | W7 | |
consumo, consumere | vb | to absorb, spend entirely | W7 | |
demo, demere | vb | to take off | W7 | |
emo, emere | vb | to take, buy | W7 | |
exemplum | n.neut | example | W7 | |
eximo, eximere, exemi, exemptus | vb | to exempt, take out | W7 | |
peremptorius | adj | destructive | W7 | |
perimo, perimere, peremi, peremptus | vb | to destroy, take entirely | W7 | |
praemium | n.neut | booty, profit, premium | W7 | |
praesumo, praesumere | vb | to presume, anticipate | W7 | |
promo, promere, prompsi, promptus | vb | to bring forth | W7 | |
promptus | adj | prompt, ready | W7 | |
redemptio, redemptionis | n.fem | redemption | W7 | |
redimo, redimere, redemi, redemptus | vb | to redeem | W7 | |
resumo, resumere | vb | to resume, renew | W7 | |
sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus | vb | to spend, take up | W7 | |
sumptuarius | adj | sumptuary, of spending | W7 | |
sumptus, sumptūs | n.masc | expense | W7 | |
vindemia | n.fem | vintage | W7 | |
Late Latin: | peremptorius | adj | peremptory | W7 |
praesumo, praesumere | vb | to dare | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | exemplifico, exemplificare | vb | to exemplify | W7 |
praemio, praeemere, praeemi, praeemptus | vb | to buy before | W7 | |
promptō, promptāre | vb | to prompt, start | W7 | |
New Latin: | subsumo, subsumere | vb | to cover over, take under | W7 |
Spanish: | pronto | adj | ready | W7 |
Old French: | rançon | n.fem | ransom | W7 |
Middle French: | consumer | vb | to consume | W7 |
example, essample | n.masc | sample, example | W7 | |
exemplifier | vb | to exemplify | W7 | |
présumer | vb | to assume | W7 | |
prompt | adj | rapid, ready, prompt | W7 | |
redemption | n.fem | redemption, saving | W7 | |
redimer | vb | to redeem | W7 | |
résumer | vb | to make an abstract | W7 | |
vendenge | n.fem | vintage | W7 | |
French: | impromptu | adv | extemporaneously | W7 |
rançon | n | ransom | TLL | |
rédemption | n | redemption | TLL | |
résumé | n.masc | a summary | W7 | |
résumer | vb | to resume, summarize | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | im̃ti, ìma, ėmė | vb | to begin, start; take, gather | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | jęti, imǫ, imeši | vb | to take, seize | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |