Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. en 'in'
Semantic Field(s): Near (adj)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | en, in(i)- | prep | in | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | and, ond | conj | and | AHD |
| beneoþan, benyðan | prep | beneath | ASD/W7 | |
| binnan | prep | within | W7 | |
| in | prep | in, into | LRC | |
| inn | prep | into | GED | |
| inna(n) | adv/prep | (from) within | LRC | |
| inne | adv/prep | inside, within | GED | |
| innemest | adj | inmost, innermost | GED | |
| innera | adj | inner | GED | |
| innera | adj.comp | inner, interior | W7 | |
| neoþan | adv | below, beneath | W7 | |
| niþera, neoþera | adj.comp | nether | ASD/W7 | |
| niþer(e) | adv | down, below, beneath | ASD/W7 | |
| underneoþan | adv/prep | underneath | ASD/W7 | |
| Northumbrian: | bi(o)nna | prep | within | ASD |
| Middle English: | and | conj | and | W7 |
| ben | adv | within | W7 | |
| beneth(e), beneyth | adv | beneath | MEV/W7 | |
| dissenteris | n | dysentery | W7 | |
| en- | vb.pfx | en- | W7 | |
| entrailles | n | entrails | W7 | |
| entren | vb | to enter | W7 | |
| in | adv/prep/pfx | in, in- | W7 | |
| inn | n | inn | W7 | |
| inner | adj.comp | inner | W7 | |
| inter-, enter- | pfx | inter- | W7 | |
| intro- | pfx | intro- | W7 | |
| nether | adj | nether | W7 | |
| undernethe | prep/adv | underneath | W7 | |
| English: | and | conj | also | AHD/W7 |
| atoll | n | coral island: lagoon inside reef | AHD/W7 | |
| ben | adv | within | AHD/W7 | |
| beneath | adv | below, in/to lower position | AHD/W7 | |
| bilander | n | small 2-masted merchant vessel | AHD/W7 | |
| dedans | n | open gallery at service end of tennis court | AHD/W7 | |
| dysentery | n | severe infectious diarrhea with mucus/blood passage | AHD/W7 | |
| em- | vb.pfx | be/go/put (with)in/on (e.g. emplace) | AHD/W7 | |
| en- | vb.pfx | be/go/put (with)in/on (e.g. enthrone) | AHD/W7 | |
| endo- | pfx | within | AHD | |
| endoergic | adj | re: (nuclear) energy absorption | AHD | |
| endothecium | n | inner lining of mature anther | AHD/W7 | |
| enkephalin | n | endorphin with opiate qualities | AHD | |
| enter | vb | to go/come in | AHD/W7 | |
| enteric | adj | intestinal, re: enteron | AHD/W7 | |
| enteron | n | intestines, alimentary canal | AHD/W7 | |
| ent(o)- | pfx | inner, inside, within | AHD/W7 | |
| entrails | n | guts, viscera | AHD/W7 | |
| entropy | n | measure of disorder in closed thermodynamic system | AHD/W7 | |
| esoteric | adj | designed for/understood by specially initiated | AHD/W7 | |
| esotropia | n | cross-eye syndrome | AHD | |
| exenterate | vb.trans | to remove contents of (e.g. pelvis) | AHD/W7 | |
| in- | pfx | (with)in, into, toward | AHD/W7 | |
| in | prep | into, inside, within | AHD/W7 | |
| inn | n | public house for lodging/entertaining travelers | AHD/W7 | |
| inner | adj.comp | situated farther in | AHD/W7 | |
| inter- | pfx | between, among, amidst | AHD/W7 | |
| interim | n | interval, time intervening | AHD/W7 | |
| interior | adj | inner, lying/occurring/functioning within limits | AHD/W7 | |
| interloper | n | meddler, intruder, encroacher | AHD/W7 | |
| intern | adj | internal | AHD/W7 | |
| internal | adj | existing/situated within limits/surface | AHD/W7 | |
| intestine | adj | internal | AHD/W7 | |
| intestine | n | tubular alimentary canal from stomach to anus | AHD/W7 | |
| intima | n | innermost coat of organ | AHD/W7 | |
| intimate | vb.trans | to declare, announce | AHD/W7 | |
| intine | n | endosporium, innermost wall of spore/pollen grain | AHD | |
| intra- | pfx | within | AHD/W7 | |
| intrados | n | interior curve of arch/vault | AHD/W7 | |
| intro- | pfx | in, into | AHD/W7 | |
| introgression | n | ingress, going in | AHD/W2I | |
| introvert | vb | to turn/draw inward | AHD/W7 | |
| intussusception | n | drawing in from without | AHD/W7 | |
| inventory | n | itemized list | AHD/W7 | |
| inverness | n | loose belted coat with cape | AHD/W7 | |
| mesentery | n | vertebrate membrane: double fold of peritoneum | AHD/W7 | |
| nether | adj | lower, situated down/below | AHD/W7 | |
| sannyasi | n | Hindu ascetic mendicant | AHD/W7 | |
| underneath | prep | directly below, close beneath | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | binn(i)a | prep | within | ASD |
| in | prep | in, into | GED | |
| in(n)a | adv/prep | inside | ASD/GED | |
| inne | adv | inside, within | ASD | |
| innere, inra | adj | inner | ASD/GED | |
| nither | adv | down, below, beneath | ASD | |
| Frisian: | binnen | prep | within | ASD |
| Dutch: | billander | n | bilander | W7 |
| bin | prep | inside | W7 | |
| binnen | prep | within | ASD | |
| en | conj | and | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | in | prep | in, into | GED |
| inna(n) | adv/prep | inside, within | GED | |
| inne | adv | inside, within | ASD | |
| niðar | adv | down, below, beneath | ASD | |
| Old High German: | enti | conj | and | W7 |
| in | prep | in, into | GED | |
| inna, inni, inne | adv/prep | inside, within | ASD | |
| in(n)ana, innan | adv/prep | inside, within | ASD/GED | |
| innaro, innero | adj | inner | ASD/GED | |
| nidar | prep/adv | down | ASD/W7 | |
| unt | prep/conj | unto, until | W7 | |
| untar | prep | between, among | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | binnen | prep | within | ASD |
| German: | binnen | prep | within | ASD |
| in | prep | in, into | LRC | |
| innen | adv | within | ASD | |
| nieder | adj/adv | low, down, nether | ASD | |
| und | conj | and | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | inn | adv | in, within | LRC |
| innan | prep | into, (from) within | LRC | |
| inni | adv | inside, within | LRC | |
| inni | n | inn, dwelling | W7 | |
| í | prep | in, within; among; during; into, onto | LRC | |
| neðan | adv | underneath, from below/beneath | LRC | |
| niðr | adv | down | LRC | |
| undorn | n.masc | the time before or after the midday meal | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | inni | adv/prep | inside | GED |
| inri | adj | inner | GED | |
| ī | prep | in | GED | |
| niðra, niðrað | vb | to lower, put down | ICE | |
| Icelandic: | innan | adv/prep | (from) within | ASD |
| inni | adv | indoors | ASD | |
| inri, iðri | adj | inner | ASD | |
| í | prep | in, into | ASD | |
| niðr | adv | down, below, beneath | ASD | |
| Danish: | i | prep | in | TLL |
| nederdel | n | skirt | TLL | |
| Swedish: | i | prep | in | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | in | prep | in, to, towards; by, among | LRC |
| inn | prep | into | GED | |
| inna(n), innana | prep/adv | within, inwardly | ASD/GED | |
| innuma | adj | inner | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Latin: | en | prep | in | GED |
| endo | adv/prep | in | GED | |
| interus | adj | inward, interior | W7 | |
| Latin: | dysenteria | n.fem | dysentery | W7 |
| en- | pfx | in | W7 | |
| exentero, exenterare, exenteravi, exenteratus | vb | to disembowel | W7 | |
| in, in-, im- | prep/pfx | in, into | LRC | |
| inter | prep/pfx | between, among | LRC | |
| interaneum | n.neut | intestine(s) | W7 | |
| interaneus | adj | interior | W7 | |
| interim | adv | meanwhile | W7 | |
| interior | adj | inside | W7 | |
| internus | adj | internal | W7 | |
| interpretor, interpretāri, interpretātus | vb.dep | to interpret | LRC | |
| intestinum | n.neut | intestine(s) | W7 | |
| intestinus | adj | of the interior | W7 | |
| intimus | adj | most interior, secret | W7 | |
| intrā | adv/prep | inside, within, during | LRC | |
| intro, intrāre | vb | to enter | W7 | |
| intrō | adv/pfx | within, (to the) inside | W7 | |
| intus | adv | within | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | esotericus | adj | of within, re: writings destined to be read within a school | W7 |
| intimo, intimāre, intimāvī, intimātus | vb | to put in, announce | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | intralia | n.fem | entrails | W7 |
| New Latin: | end- | pfx | inside | W7 |
| mesenterium | n.neut | membranes in abdominal cavity | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | em | prep | in | TLL |
| entre | prep | between, among | TLL | |
| Spanish: | en | prep | in | TLL |
| entre | prep | between, among | TLL | |
| Old French: | en- | prep | in | W7 |
| entrer | vb | to enter | W7 | |
| Middle French: | en-, in- | pfx | in | W7 |
| entrailles | n.fem.pl | entrails | W7 | |
| inter- | pfx | between | W7 | |
| interior | adj | interior | W7 | |
| interne | adj | internal | W7 | |
| intestin | n.masc | intestine | W7 | |
| intro- | pfx | inside | W7 | |
| mesentere | n.fem | mesentery, intestinal membrane | W7 | |
| French: | dans | prep | in | TLL |
| dedans | prep | inside | W7 | |
| en | prep | in | TLL | |
| entre | prep | between, among | TLL | |
| intrados | n.masc | interior curve of arch/vault | R1/W7 | |
| Italian: | in | prep | in | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | en | prep | in | GED |
| Lithuanian: | į̃, iñ | prep | in | GED |
| Latvian: | iekš | adv | in | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | vъ | prep | in, into | LRC |
| n'iva | n.fem | field, ground | LRC | |
| on- | pfx | in | GED | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | dysenteria | n.fem | dysentery | W7 |
| εἰς, ἐς | prep | towards | LRC | |
| eisō | adv | within | W7 | |
| ἐν, ἔνι, ἐνί | prep | in | GED | |
| en- | pfx | in | W7 | |
| ἔνδον | adv/prep | within | GED | |
| ἔνειμι | vb | to be in, be possible | LRC | |
| enteron | n.neut | intestine | W7 | |
| exenterizein | vb | to burst out | W7 | |
| esō | adv | within | W7 | |
| esōterikos | adj | of within, writings destined to be read within a school | W7 | |
| esōterō | adv | within | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | anda(n) | adv/prep | in | GED |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | i | prep | in | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | antara- | n | interior | AHD |
| ántaras | prep | inside | GED | |
| antár | prep | between | GED | |
| ni- | pfx | one's own | GED | |
| ni | prep | down | W7 | |
| Hindi: | sannyāsī | n | Hindu ascetic mendicant | W7 |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | -ne | prep | in | GED |
| Tocharian A: | -an | prep | in | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| comp | = | comparative |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| R1 | = | Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
