Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. enebh-, embh-, ombh-, nō̆bh-, nēbh-?, m̥bh- 'navel'
Semantic Field(s): Navel
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | imbliu | n | navel | LRC | 
| English | ||||
| Old English: | nafela | n.masc | navel | ASD/W7 | 
| nafogār, nafegār | n.masc | auger | ASD/CDC/W7 | |
| nafu | n.fem | nave (of a wheel) | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | auger | n | auger | W7 | 
| nauger, naugor | n | auger | CDC/W7 | |
| nave | n | nave, wheel hub | W7 | |
| navel | n | navel | W7 | |
| English: | auger | n | tool to bore holes in wood | AHD/W7 | 
| nave | n | hub of wheel | AHD/W7 | |
| navel | n | abdominal depression where umbilical cord is/was attached | AHD/W7 | |
| nombril | n | center point of lower half of armorial escutcheon | AHD/W7 | |
| omphalos | n | navel | AHD | |
| umbilical | adj | re: umbilicus | LRC | |
| umbilicus | n | navel | AHD | |
| umbo | n | boss of shield | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | navla | n | navel | ASD | 
| Dutch: | avegaar, eveger, egger | n | auger | CDC | 
| Low German: | naviger, näviger | n | auger | CDC | 
| Old High German: | naba | n | nave | ASD | 
| nabigēr | n | auger | CDC | |
| nabu, nabalo, nabulo | n | navel | ICE/W7 | |
| nabugēr | n | auger | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | nabeger, negeber, negber | n | auger | CDC | 
| German: | Nabel | n.masc | navel; boss (of shield) | ICE | 
| Näber, Neber | n | auger | CDC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | nafli | n.masc | navel | ICE | 
| Icelandic: | nafarr | n | auger | CDC | 
| nafli | n | navel | ASD | |
| nöf | n | nave | ASD | |
| Danish: | navle | n | navel | ICE | 
| Swedish: | nafvare | n | auger | CDC | 
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | umbilicus | n.masc | umbilicus | W7 | 
| umbo | n.masc | elbow; shieldboss | W7 | |
| Middle French: | nombril | n.masc | navel | W7 | 
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | naba | n | navel | LRC | 
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ὀμφᾰλος | n.masc | navel, shieldboss | LRC | 
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | nāf | n | navel | LRC | 
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | nábhya- | n | hub | LRC | 
| nā́bhi | n | navel | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective | 
| fem | = | feminine (gender) | 
| masc | = | masculine (gender) | 
| n | = | noun | 
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) | 
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) | 
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) | 
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) | 
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin | 
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |