Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. enebh-, embh-, ombh-, nō̆bh-, nēbh-?, m̥bh- 'navel'
Semantic Field(s): Navel
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | imbliu | n | navel | LRC |
English | ||||
Old English: | nafela | n.masc | navel | ASD/W7 |
nafogār, nafegār | n.masc | auger | ASD/CDC/W7 | |
nafu | n.fem | nave (of a wheel) | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | auger | n | auger | W7 |
nauger, naugor | n | auger | CDC/W7 | |
nave | n | nave, wheel hub | W7 | |
navel | n | navel | W7 | |
English: | auger | n | tool to bore holes in wood | AHD/W7 |
nave | n | hub of wheel | AHD/W7 | |
navel | n | abdominal depression where umbilical cord is/was attached | AHD/W7 | |
nombril | n | center point of lower half of armorial escutcheon | AHD/W7 | |
omphalos | n | navel | AHD | |
umbilical | adj | re: umbilicus | LRC | |
umbilicus | n | navel | AHD | |
umbo | n | boss of shield | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | navla | n | navel | ASD |
Dutch: | avegaar, eveger, egger | n | auger | CDC |
Low German: | naviger, näviger | n | auger | CDC |
Old High German: | naba | n | nave | ASD |
nabigēr | n | auger | CDC | |
nabu, nabalo, nabulo | n | navel | ICE/W7 | |
nabugēr | n | auger | W7 | |
Middle High German: | nabeger, negeber, negber | n | auger | CDC |
German: | Nabel | n.masc | navel; boss (of shield) | ICE |
Näber, Neber | n | auger | CDC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | nafli | n.masc | navel | ICE |
Icelandic: | nafarr | n | auger | CDC |
nafli | n | navel | ASD | |
nöf | n | nave | ASD | |
Danish: | navle | n | navel | ICE |
Swedish: | nafvare | n | auger | CDC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | umbilicus | n.masc | umbilicus | W7 |
umbo | n.masc | elbow; shieldboss | W7 | |
Middle French: | nombril | n.masc | navel | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Latvian: | naba | n | navel | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | ὀμφᾰλος | n.masc | navel, shieldboss | LRC |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | nāf | n | navel | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | nábhya- | n | hub | LRC |
nā́bhi | n | navel | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |