Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: enek̑-, nek̑-, enk̑-, n̥k̑- 'to reach, obtain'
Semantic Field(s): to Reach, Arrive, to Get, Obtain
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | ro-icc | vb | to reach | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ful(l)-nēah, ful-nēh | adv | almost, very nearly, lit. full-near | ASD |
| ge-neah | adj/n.neut | adequate; abundance, sufficiency | ASD/GED | |
| genōg, genōh | adj | enough | GED | |
| nēah, nēh, nēar | adv | nigh, nearer | ASD | |
| nēah-gebūr, nēh(e)-būr | n.masc | neighbor, lit. nigh-dweller | AHD | |
| Middle English: | ner | adv | nearer | W7 |
| nigh | adv | nigh | W7 | |
| ynough | adj | enough | W7 | |
| English: | enough | adj | sufficient in scope/quality/quantity to satisfy need/demand | AHD/W7 |
| near | adv/prep | nigh, within; at, close to | W7 | |
| neighbor | n | one living/located nearby | W7 | |
| nigh | adj/adv/prep | near(ly), close to | W7 | |
| oncogenesis | n | tumor formation/development | AHD | |
| oncology | n | study of tumors | AHD/W7 | |
| pice | n | former monetary unit in India/Pakistan: 1/64 rupee | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | (e)nōch | adj | enough | GED |
| nī, nei | adv | nigh | ASD | |
| nōgia | vb.wk | to be adequate | GED | |
| Dutch: | na | prep/conj | after | TLL |
| naar | prep | to, toward | TLL | |
| nadat | conj | after | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | ginōg, ginōh | adj | enough | GED |
| nāh | adv/prep | nigh | ASD | |
| Old High German: | ganōc, ginuog | adj | enough | GED |
| ge-nah | adj | adequate | GED | |
| gi-nuogan | vb.wk | to be adequate | GED | |
| nāh | adj/adv/prep | nigh, near, after | ASD/W7 | |
| nāh-gibūr | n | neighbor, lit. nigh-dweller | W7 | |
| German: | genug | adj | enough | LRC |
| genügen | vb | to be adequate | LRC | |
| nach | prep | to, along, after | TLL | |
| nachdem | conj | after | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | gnógr | adj | enough, plenty | LRC |
| ná, náð | vb | to get, obtain | LRC | |
| ná-, nær, næst | adv | nigh, nearer, nearest | ICE/W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | (g)nōgr | adj | enough | GED |
| (g)nœgja | vb.wk | to be adequate | GED | |
| Icelandic: | nær | adv | nearer | ASD |
| Danish: | naar | conj | when | TLL |
| Swedish: | när | conj | when | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *bi-nauhan | vb.ptpr.V | to be allowed/permitted | GED |
| *ga-nauhan | vb.ptpr.V | to suffice | GED | |
| *ga-nohjan | vb.wk.I | to be content | GED | |
| ga-nōhs | adj | enough | LRC | |
| nēƕa | prep | nigh, near | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | nanciscor, nancisci | vb.dep | to get, attain | GED |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | nèšti, nešù | vb | to carry | GED |
| Latvian: | nākt, nāku, nācu | vb | to come | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | nesti, nesǫ, neseši | vb | to bring | LRC |
| nesǫ | vb | to reach, arrive | GED | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἐνεγκεῖν | vb | to carry | GED |
| ὄγκος | n.masc | mass, burden | GED | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | ninikzi | vb | to lift | GED |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | hasanem | vb | to approach, arrive; reach, obtain | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | ąšnaoiti | vb | to gain | GED |
| nasaiti | vb | to gain | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | áṁśas | n | part, portion | GED |
| aśnóti | vb | to gain | GED | |
| naṁśas | n | acquisition | GED | |
| náśati | vb | to gain | GED | |
| Hindi: | paisā | n | pice | W7 |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | eṅk- | vb | to hold, seize, carry | GED |
| Tocharian A: | ents- | vb | to hold, seize, carry | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| V | = | class 5 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| dep | = | deponent |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| ptpr | = | preterite-present (verb) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
