Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: epi, opi, pi 'at, near, epi-'
Semantic Field(s): Near (adj)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ǣfen, ǣfyn, ēfen | n.masc | even(ing) | ASD/IEW |
| ǣfen-steorra | n.masc | evening-star | ASD | |
| ǣfnung | n.fem | evening | ASD | |
| eofot, eofut, eofet | n.neut | crime | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | epi- | pfx | epi- | W7 |
| eve(n) | n | even(ing) | W7 | |
| even(e)-sterre | n | evening-star | OED | |
| evening | n | evening | W7 | |
| English: | epi- | pfx | (up)on | AHD/W7 |
| epigeal | adj | growing above ground | AHD/W7 | |
| epigene | adj | on/near earth's surface | AHD/W7 | |
| even | n | evening | W7 | |
| Evendim | prop.n | northern lake in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| evening | n | early night, close of day | W7 | |
| evening-star | n | Venus seen at/after sunset | W7 | |
| Evenstar | prop.n | Arwen's epithet in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| eventide | n | evening | AHD/W7 | |
| obtund | vb | to dull, deaden, make less intense | AHD | |
| opisthobranch | n | gastropod mollusk with 2 pairs of tentacles | AHD | |
| opisthognathous | adj | having retreating jaws | AHD/W7 | |
| opsonin | n | blood constituent making foreign cells susceptible to phagocyte action | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ávend | n.masc | even(ing) | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | avont | n.masc | even(ing) | ASD |
| Dutch: | avond | n | even(ing) | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | āband | n.masc | even(ing) | ASD |
| Old High German: | āband, āpand, ābant, ābunt | n.masc | even(ing) | ASD/W7 |
| Middle High German: | ābent | n.masc | even(ing) | ASD |
| German: | Abend | n.masc | even(ing) | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | aptann | n.masc | even(ing) | LRC |
| Icelandic: | aptan, aftan | n.masc | even(ing) | ASD |
| Danish: | aften | n.masc | even(ing) | ASD |
| Swedish: | afton | n.masc | even(ing) | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *iftuma | adv | on the following... | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | epi- | pfx | on, over | W7 |
| ob | prep | towards | GED | |
| opsonium | n.neut | relish | W7 | |
| ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentum | vb | to show, point out | LRC | |
| New Latin: | epi- | pfx | on, onto | W7 |
| Middle French: | epi- | pfx | on | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | ap(i)- | pfx | about | GED |
| Latvian: | ap | prep | around, by, near, about | LRC |
| piedurkne | n.fem | sleeve | LRC | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | épërm | adj.comp | higher | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Mycenaean: | o-pi | prep | upon | GED |
| Greek: | ἐνταῦθα | adv | then, there | LRC |
| ἐντεῦθεν | adv | from there | LRC | |
| ἔπι, ἐπί | prep | to | GED | |
| ἐπί | adv/prep | on, about | LRC | |
| μετόπισθε | adv | afterwards | LRC | |
| ὄπιθεν | prep | after | GED | |
| ὄπισθεν | adv | behind | LRC | |
| ὀπίσω | adv | back | LRC | |
| opsōnein | vb | to purchase victuals | W7 | |
| opsōnion | n.neut | food | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | appezzi(ya)- | adv | later | GED |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | ew | conj | and, too, also | LRC |
| Armenian: | ev | conj | and | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | apiy | prep | near | GED |
| Avestan: | aipi | prep | near | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ápi | conj | also | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| comp | = | comparative |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
