Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: epi, opi, pi   'at, near, epi-'

Semantic Field(s): Near (adj)

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
English  
Old English: ǣfen, ǣfyn, ēfen n.masc even(ing) ASD/IEW
ǣfen-steorra n.masc evening-star ASD
ǣfnung n.fem evening ASD
eofot, eofut, eofet n.neut crime ASD/W7
Middle English: epi- pfx epi- W7
eve(n) n even(ing) W7
even(e)-sterre n evening-star OED
evening n evening W7
English: epi- pfx (up)on AHD/W7
epigeal adj growing above ground AHD/W7
epigene adj on/near earth's surface AHD/W7
even n evening W7
Evendim prop.n northern lake in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings LRC
evening n early night, close of day W7
evening-star n Venus seen at/after sunset W7
Evenstar prop.n Arwen's epithet in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings LRC
eventide n evening AHD/W7
obtund vb to dull, deaden, make less intense AHD
opisthobranch n gastropod mollusk with 2 pairs of tentacles AHD
opisthognathous adj having retreating jaws AHD/W7
opsonin n blood constituent making foreign cells susceptible to phagocyte action AHD/W7
West Germanic  
Old Frisian: ávend n.masc even(ing) ASD
Middle Dutch: avont n.masc even(ing) ASD
Dutch: avond n even(ing) ASD
Old Saxon: āband n.masc even(ing) ASD
Old High German: āband, āpand, ābant, ābunt n.masc even(ing) ASD/W7
Middle High German: ābent n.masc even(ing) ASD
German: Abend n.masc even(ing) ASD
North Germanic  
Old Norse: aptann n.masc even(ing) LRC
Icelandic: aptan, aftan n.masc even(ing) ASD
Danish: aften n.masc even(ing) ASD
Swedish: afton n.masc even(ing) ASD
East Germanic  
Gothic: *iftuma adv on the following... GED
Italic  
Latin: epi- pfx on, over W7
ob prep towards GED
opsonium n.neut relish W7
ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentum vb to show, point out LRC
New Latin: epi- pfx on, onto W7
Middle French: epi- pfx on W7
Baltic  
Lithuanian: ap(i)- pfx about GED
Latvian: ap prep around, by, near, about LRC
piedurkne n.fem sleeve LRC
Albanian  
Albanian: épërm adj.comp higher GED
Hellenic  
Mycenaean: o-pi prep upon GED
Greek: ἐνταῦθα adv then, there LRC
ἐντεῦθεν adv from there LRC
ἔπι, ἐπί prep to GED
ἐπί adv/prep on, about LRC
μετόπισθε adv afterwards LRC
ὄπιθεν prep after GED
ὄπισθεν adv behind LRC
ὀπίσω adv back LRC
opsōnein vb to purchase victuals W7
opsōnion n.neut food W7
Anatolian  
Hittite: appezzi(ya)- adv later GED
Armenian  
Classical Armenian: ew conj and, too, also LRC
Armenian: ev conj and GED
Iranian  
Old Persian: apiy prep near GED
Avestan: aipi prep near GED
Indic  
Sanskrit: ápi conj also GED

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
adv=adverb(ial)
comp=comparative
conj=conjunction
fem=feminine (gender)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
pfx=prefix
prep=preposition
prop=proper
vb=verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED=Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW=Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED=James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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