Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. ere-s-, ers-, r̥s-, eres-, and rē̆s-, rō̆s- 'to flow'
Semantic Field(s): to Flow
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | eorre, ierre | adj | irate, wandering, embittered | GED |
eorre | n.neut | ire | ASD | |
eorsian, yrsian | vb.wk | to make irate | GED | |
rǣs | n.masc | rush, race | ASD/W7 | |
rǣsan, rǣsde, rǣsed | vb.wk.I | to rush, hasten | LRC | |
Middle English: | erratic | adj | erratic | W7 |
erren | vb | to err | W7 | |
erroneous | adj | erroneous | W7 | |
errour | n | error | W7 | |
ire | n | ire | GED | |
ras | n | race | W7 | |
rosmarine | n | rosemary | W7 | |
English: | aberrant | adj | abnormal, deviating from proper/expected course | AHD |
aberration | n | act of strayng from normal state/moral standard | AHD/W7 | |
drosera | n | insectivorous plant in sundew family | AHD/W7 | |
drosophila | n | small two-winged fly | AHD/W7 | |
err | vb.intrans | to stray | AHD/W7 | |
errant | adj | roving, traveling, seeking adventure | AHD/W7 | |
erratic | adj | wandering, having no fixed course | AHD/W7 | |
erratum | n | corrigendum | AHD/W7 | |
erroneous | adj | wandering | AHD/W7 | |
error | n | mistake, ignorant/imprudent act/condition deviating from norm | AHD/W7 | |
irascible | adj | hot-tempered, easily provoked | AHD/W7 | |
irate | adj | angry, wrathful | LRC | |
ire | n | wrath, anger | GED | |
race | n | act of running | AHD/W7 | |
rishi | n | divinely inspired Indian poet/sage | AHD | |
rosemary | n | fragrant shrubby mint | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | irre | adj | irate, embittered | GED |
Old Saxon: | irrean | vb.wk | to err, confuse | GED |
irri | adj | irate, embittered | GED | |
Old High German: | irran | vb.wk | to err, confuse | GED |
irri | adj | irate, perplexed | GED | |
irrida | n.wk.masc | sin, error | GED | |
irrōn | vb.wk | to be confused | GED | |
Middle High German: | irre | n.str.fem | sin, error | GED |
German: | irr | adj | irate | LRC |
irren | vb | to err | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | rās | n | race | W7 |
Icelandic: | rás | n.fem | race, running | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | af-airzjan | vb.wk.I | to deceive; stray, be misled | GED |
*airzei | n.fem | heresy | GED | |
*airzeis | adj | deceived, in error | GED | |
*airzjan | vb.wk.I | to mislead | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | aberrō, aberrāre, aberrāvī, aberrātus | vb | to go astray | W7 |
erraticus | adj | erratic | W7 | |
erratum | n.neut | erratum, mistake | W7 | |
errō, errāre, errāvī, errātus | vb | to err, wander | W7 | |
errō, errōnis | n.masc | wanderer, vagabond | W7 | |
erroneus | adj | erroneous | W7 | |
error, erroris | n.masc | error, mistake, wandering | LRC | |
ira, irae | n.fem | ire | LRC | |
irascor, irasci | vb | to be(come) irate | W7 | |
rorarii | n.masc.pl | skirmishers | W7 | |
ros, roris | n.masc | dew | W7 | |
rosmarinus | n.masc | rosemary | W7 | |
Late Latin: | irascibilis | adj | easily angered | W7 |
New Latin: | drosera | n.fem | genus: plants in sundew family | W7 |
drosophila | n.fem | genus: small fly | W7 | |
Old French: | errer | vb | to err, travel | W7 |
errour | n.fem | error | W7 | |
ire | n.fem | ire | W7 | |
Middle French: | erratique | adj | erratic | W7 |
irascible | adj | irascible | W7 | |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | ἀρειή | n | threatenings | GED |
Greek: | Ἄρης | n.masc | Ares | LRC |
droseros | adj | dewy | W7 | |
drosos | n.fem | dew | W7 | |
erōē | n.fem | respite | W7 | |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | arsanai- | vb | to envy, grow angry | GED |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | eṙam | vb | to seethe, be disquieted | GED |
heṙ | n | ire | GED | |
Iranian | ||||
Old Persian: | arshan- | n | man, hero | AHD |
khshayārshan- | vb.ptc | lit. ruling over men | AHD | |
Avestan: | arəšyant- | adj | envious | GED |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | irasyáti | vb | to be irate | GED |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | arṣāklai | n | snake | GED |
Tocharian A: | ārṣal | n | poisonous reptile | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |