Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: es-en-, os-en- 'summer, harvest time'
Semantic Field(s): Summer, Crop, Harvest
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Middle Irish: | eorna | n | barley | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | earnian | vb.wk | to earn | GED |
| esne | n.str.masc | hireling, servant | GED | |
| Middle English: | ernen | vb | to earn | W7 |
| English: | earn | vb.trans | to receive in return for work done/services rendered | AHD/W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | arn | n.fem | harvest | ASD |
| esna | n | wages | GED | |
| Old Saxon: | asna | n.str.fem | tax, levy | GED |
| Old High German: | aran, arnōt | n.str.masc | harvest | GED |
| arn | n.str.fem | harvest | GED | |
| arnēn, arnōn | vb.wk | to harvest | GED | |
| asni, asneri | n.str.masc | hireling, servant | GED | |
| Middle High German: | arnen | vb | to reap | ASD |
| German: | ernten, ärnten | vb | to reap, harvest | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | ǫnn | n.str.fem | wages | GED |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | asans | n.fem | summer, (time of) harvest | GED |
| asneis | n.masc | hireling | GED | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | assanis | n | harvest | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | jesenь | n | fall, harvest time | GED |
| Russian: | ósenь | n | fall, harvest time | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ὀπώρη | n | fruit-time, harvest-tide | LRC |
| Greek: | ὀπώρα | n | fruit, early fall, lit. after summer | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
