Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: eti 'out, beyond, etc.'
Semantic Field(s): Far (adj)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Gaulish: | eti | conj | also | GED |
| t-ic | conj | and also | GED | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ed- | pfx | (addition, repetition) | GED |
| English: | eddy | n | air/water current moving contrary to main current | AHD/W7 |
| Scots English: | ydy | n | eddy | W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | et- | pfx | (addition, repetition) | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | ed- | pfx | (addition, repetition) | GED |
| Old High German: | it(a)-, ith- | pfx | (addition, repetition) | GED |
| Middle High German: | ite- | pfx | (addition, repetition) | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | ið- | pfx | (addition, repetition) | ASD |
| iþa | n | eddy, current | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | ið- | pfx | over- | GED |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | id- | pfx | (addition, repetition) | ASD |
| iþ | conj | if, but, however | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | et | conj | and | LRC |
| etiam | adv | also, even | LRC | |
| Portuguese: | e | conj | and | TLL |
| Spanish: | y | conj | and | TLL |
| French: | et | conj | and | TLL |
| Italian: | e, ed | conj | and | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | at-, et- | adv | again | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἔτι | adv | still | LRC |
| οὐκέτι | adv | no longer | LRC | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | atiy | adv/prep | very; beyond | GED |
| Avestan: | aiti | adv/prep | very; beyond | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | áti | adv/prep | very; beyond | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prep | = | preposition |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
