Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. eu-, euə- : u̯ā-, u̯ə- 'to lack, want; empty, vacant'
Semantic Field(s): Empty
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | wan | adj | lacking, wanting, deficient | GED |
wana | n.masc | wane, lack, deficiency | W7 | |
wanian | vb.wk | to wane, diminish | GED | |
Middle English: | avoiden, avoyden | vb | to avoid | CDC/W7 |
devoid | adj | devoid | W7 | |
devoiden | vb | to vacate | W7 | |
vacacioun | n | vacation | W7 | |
vacant | adj | vacant | W7 | |
vain | adj | vain | W7 | |
vanisshen | vb | to vanish | W7 | |
vanite | n | vanity | W7 | |
vaunten | vb | to vaunt, brag | W7 | |
voide | adj | void | W7 | |
voiden | vb | to void | W7 | |
wane | n | wane | W7 | |
wanen | vb | to wane | W7 | |
wanten | vb | to want | W7 | |
wast(e) | adj | waste | W7 | |
wasten | vb | to waste | W7 | |
English: | avoid | vb.trans | to void, expel | AHD/W7 |
devastate | vb.trans | to lay waste | AHD/W7 | |
devoid | adj | destitute, not having/using | AHD/W7 | |
evacuate | vb | to make empty | AHD/W7 | |
evanesce | vb.intrans | to dissipate like vapor | AHD/W7 | |
vacant | adj | free, not occupied | AHD/W7 | |
vacate | vb | to annul, make legally void | AHD/W7 | |
vacation | n | intermission, (time of) respite | AHD/W7 | |
vacuity | n | empty space | AHD/W7 | |
vacuous | adj | empty | W7 | |
vacuum | n | emptiness of space | AHD/W7 | |
vain | adj | idle, worthless, having no value | AHD/W7 | |
vanish | vb.intrans | to disappear, pass quickly from sight | AHD/W7 | |
vanity | n | something vain | AHD/W7 | |
vast | adj | enormous, very great in size/extent | W7 | |
vaunt | vb | to brag, make vain display of one's worth/attainments | AHD/W7 | |
void | adj | containing nothing | AHD/W7 | |
void | vb.trans | to clear, empty, make vacant | AHD/W7 | |
wane | n | decrease, dwindling | AHD/W7 | |
wane | vb.intrans | to dwindle, decrease in size/extent | AHD/W7 | |
want | vb | to lack, fail to possess | AHD/W7 | |
waste | adj | desolate, being wild/uninhabited | AHD/W7 | |
waste | n | desert, barren/sparsely settled region | AHD/W7 | |
waste | vb | to devastate, lay waste | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | wan | adj | lacking | GED |
wania | vb.trans | to lessen, curtail, diminish | ASD | |
won | adj | absent, wanting | ASD | |
wonia | vb.wk | to wane, diminish | GED | |
Dutch: | wan | n | leak | GED |
Old Saxon: | wan | adj | absent, lacking, wanting | GED |
Middle Low German: | wone | n | hole in ice | GED |
Old High German: | wan, wesan | adj | lacking, wanting | ASD/GED |
wanōn | vb.wk | to wane, lessen, diminish | GED | |
wuosti | adj | waste | W7 | |
Middle High German: | wune | n | hole in ice | GED |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | vanta | vb | to wane, lack, want | W7 |
Old Icelandic: | vana | vb.wk | to wane, diminish | GED |
vanr | adj | lacking | GED | |
Icelandic: | vana | vb.trans | to spoil, destroy, diminish | ASD |
vanr | adj | absent, wanting | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | wan | n.neut | wane, lack | GED |
*wanan | vb.wk | to wane, diminish | GED | |
*wans | adj | lacking, deficient, at a disadvantage | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | devasto, devastare, devastavi, devastatus | vb | to devastate | W7 |
evacuo, evacuare, evacuavi, evacuatus | vb | to evacuate | W7 | |
evanesco, evanescere | vb | to vanish, evanesce | W7 | |
ēvoco, ēvocare, ēvocāvī, ēvocatum | vb | to summon, call forth | LRC | |
prōvocō, provocāre, provocāvī, provocātum | vb | to challenge | LRC | |
vacans, vacantis | vb.ptc | vacant | W7 | |
vacatio, vacationis | n.fem | freedom, exemption | W7 | |
vacō, vacāre, vacāvī, vacātus | vb | to vacate, be vacant | W7 | |
vacuitas | n.fem | emptiness, vacuity | W7 | |
vacuum | n.neut | vacuum | W7 | |
vacuus | adj | vacuous | W7 | |
vanesco, vanescere | vb | to vanish | W7 | |
vanitas, vanitatis | n.fem | vanity | W7 | |
vānus | adj | vain; void, vacant, vacuous | GED | |
vasto, vastāre | vb | to desolate, lay waste | W7 | |
vastus | adj | vast; waste, desolate | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | exvanire | vb | to evanesce | W7 |
vocitus | adj/vb.ptc | void, vacuous | W7 | |
Late Latin: | vanito, vanitāre | vb | to be vain | W7 |
Old French: | desvuidier | vb | to be devoid | W7 |
esvuidier, esveudier | vb | to empty out | CDC/W7 | |
vacant | adj | vacant, empty | W7 | |
vain | adj | vain, empty, without effect | W7 | |
vanité | n.fem | vanity | W7 | |
voide | adj | void | W7 | |
vuidier | vb | to void | W7 | |
Old North French: | wast | adj | waste, desolate | W7 |
waster | vb | to lay waste | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | avoider | vb | to avoid | CDC |
Middle French: | desvuidier | vb | to be devoid | W7 |
evanir, evaniss- | vb | to vanish | W7 | |
vacation | n.fem | freedom, vacuity | W7 | |
vanter | vb | to boast | W7 | |
vuidier | vb | to void | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | vañskariai | n | unhatched eggs | GED |
Latvian: | vanskare | n | unhatched eggs | GED |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | εὖνις | adj | lacking | GED |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | unayn | adj | empty | GED |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | ūna- | adj | lacking, defective | GED |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | ūnás | adj | lacking, defective | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |