Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: gag-, gōg- 'something round/lumpy'
Semantic Field(s): Round (adj)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | cǣcil, cēcil | n.dim | small cake | IEW |
| cicel, cycel | n.dim | small cake | IEW | |
| Middle English: | cake | n | cake | W7 |
| English: | cake | n | small round flat bread | IEW |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | koek | n | cake | TLL |
| Old High German: | kuocheli(n) | n.dim | small cake | IEW |
| kuocho | n | cake, round bread | IEW/W7 | |
| German: | Kuchen | n.masc | cake, tart, pastry | TLL |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | kaka | n | cake | W7 |
| Icelandic: | kaka | n | cake | IEW |
| Norwegian: | kaka | n | cake | IEW |
| Danish: | kage | n | cake | IEW |
| Swedish: | kaka | n | cake | IEW |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| dim | = | diminutive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
