Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. gal- 'to call, cry'
Semantic Field(s): to Call, Summon, to Cry, Weep
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | clatrian | vb | to clatter | W7 |
hilde-calla | n.masc | battle-herald | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | callen | vb | to call | W7 |
clacken | vb | to clack | W7 | |
clatren | vb | to clatter | W7 | |
clinken | vb | to clink | W7 | |
English: | call | vb | to shout, speak in loud voice | AHD/W7 |
clack | vb | to clatter, prattle | IEW/W7 | |
clatter | vb | to make rattling sound | AHD/W7 | |
clink | vb | to twang, tinkle, jingle | IEW | |
gallinaceous | adj | re: heavy-bodied terrestrial bird | AHD/W7 | |
gallinule | n | aquatic bird in rail family | AHD/W7 | |
Glagolitic | prop.adj/n | (re:) ancient W Slavic script | AHD/W2I | |
glasnost | n | candor w.r.t. social problems/shortcomings | AHD | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | klagen | vb | to complain | LRC |
Old High German: | kallōn | vb | to talk loudly | W7 |
German: | klagen | vb | to complain | LRC |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | kalla | vb | to call, cry out; name | LRC |
Danish: | klage | vb | to complain | LRC |
Swedish: | klaga | vb | to complain | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | gallina | n.fem | hen | W7 |
gallinaceus | adj | re: domestic fowl | W7 | |
gallus | n.masc | cock | W7 | |
New Latin: | Gallinula | n.fem | genus of birds | W7 |
Slavic | ||||
Old Slavic: | glasŭ | n | voice | W7 |
Old Church Slavonic: | glagolati, glagol'jǫ, glagol'ješi | vb | to say, speak | LRC |
glagolъ | n.masc | word, speech | LRC | |
glasъ | n.masc | voice, sound, word | LRC | |
Russian: | glas | n | voice | AHD |
glasnost' | n | glasnost, publicity, public information | AHD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
prop | = | proper |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |