Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. gal- 'to call, cry'
Semantic Field(s): to Call, Summon, to Cry, Weep
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | clatrian | vb | to clatter | W7 |
| hilde-calla | n.masc | battle-herald | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | callen | vb | to call | W7 |
| clacken | vb | to clack | W7 | |
| clatren | vb | to clatter | W7 | |
| clinken | vb | to clink | W7 | |
| English: | call | vb | to shout, speak in loud voice | AHD/W7 |
| clack | vb | to clatter, prattle | IEW/W7 | |
| clatter | vb | to make rattling sound | AHD/W7 | |
| clink | vb | to twang, tinkle, jingle | IEW | |
| gallinaceous | adj | re: heavy-bodied terrestrial bird | AHD/W7 | |
| gallinule | n | aquatic bird in rail family | AHD/W7 | |
| Glagolitic | prop.adj/n | (re:) ancient W Slavic script | AHD/W2I | |
| glasnost | n | candor w.r.t. social problems/shortcomings | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | klagen | vb | to complain | LRC |
| Old High German: | kallōn | vb | to talk loudly | W7 |
| German: | klagen | vb | to complain | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | kalla | vb | to call, cry out; name | LRC |
| Danish: | klage | vb | to complain | LRC |
| Swedish: | klaga | vb | to complain | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | gallina | n.fem | hen | W7 |
| gallinaceus | adj | re: domestic fowl | W7 | |
| gallus | n.masc | cock | W7 | |
| New Latin: | Gallinula | n.fem | genus of birds | W7 |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Slavic: | glasŭ | n | voice | W7 |
| Old Church Slavonic: | glagolati, glagol'jǫ, glagol'ješi | vb | to say, speak | LRC |
| glagolъ | n.masc | word, speech | LRC | |
| glasъ | n.masc | voice, sound, word | LRC | |
| Russian: | glas | n | voice | AHD |
| glasnost' | n | glasnost, publicity, public information | AHD | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |