Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: gēu-, gəu-, gū- 'to bend, curl; cup, vessel'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend, Cup, Jug, Pitcher
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | āttorcoppa, āttercoppe, āt(t)orcoppe | n.fem | attercop, lit. venom-spider | ASD/OED |
| cicen | n.neut | chicken | ASD/W7 | |
| cofa | n.masc | cove, closet | ASD/RPN | |
| copp | n.masc | cup, goblet; peak, summit | IEW | |
| coppa | n | spider | OED | |
| cupp | n.masc | cup, goblet | IEW | |
| cuppe | n.fem | cup, goblet | ASD/W7 | |
| cycgel | n | cudgel | W7 | |
| cȳf(e) | n.fem | tub, vat, cask | ASD/RPN | |
| cȳfl | n | tub, bucket | RPN | |
| *cȳpe | n | kipe | IEW | |
| Middle English: | attercop(pe) | n | attercop | CDC |
| chiken | n | chicken | W7 | |
| coppeweb | n | cobweb | W7 | |
| cove | n | cove, den | W7 | |
| cuppe | n | cup | W7 | |
| kuggel | n | cudgel | W7 | |
| kype | n | kipe | W2I | |
| English: | Attercop | prop.n | epithet for spider in Tolkien: The Hobbit | LRC |
| attercop | n | (poisonous) spider | OED | |
| chicken | n | common domestic fowl | IEW/W7 | |
| Cob | prop.n | epithet for spider in Tolkien: The Hobbit | LRC | |
| cob | n | spider; head, round clump | IEW | |
| cobweb | n | lit. spider web | W7 | |
| cove | n | chamber, cavity, recessed place | IEW/W7 | |
| cub | n | young carnivorous mammal | IEW/W7 | |
| cudgel | n | short heavy club | IEW/W7 | |
| cup | n | small bowl-shaped drinking vessel | W7 | |
| kipe | n | osier basket, plaited fish trap | IEW/W2I | |
| kyte, kite | n | belly, stomach, abdomen | IEW/W2I | |
| Scots English: | ettercap | n | attercop | CDC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | kopp | n | cup, goblet | IEW |
| Dutch: | kieken, kuiken | n.neut | chicken | ASD |
| kuip | n.fem | tub | ASD | |
| kuit | n | calf (of leg) | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | cōpa | n.fem | cup, vat, vessel | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | kopp | n | cup, goblet | IEW |
| Old High German: | kopf, chuph | n | cup, goblet | IEW |
| kuofa | n.fem | cup, vat, vessel | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | kobe | n | stable, pigsty | RPN |
| kuofe | n.fem | vessel | ASD | |
| German: | Dummkopf | n.masc | dummkopf, blockhead, simpleton | LRC |
| Kopf | n.masc | head | IEW | |
| Kufe | n.fem | cup, vessel | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | koddi | n | cushion | KNW |
| Old Icelandic: | kofi | n | hut, shed | RPN |
| kúfóttr | adj | convex | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | kūpa | n.fem | bowl, box, basin | ASD |
| Danish: | edderkop | n | attercop | CDC |
| kippe, kyper | n.masc/fem | dyer's tub | ASD | |
| kylling | n | chicken | ASD | |
| ædder-cop | n | cup of poison, lit. atter-cup | ICE | |
| Swedish: | kudde | n | cushion | SAO/TLL |
| kupa | n.fem | case, box | ASD | |
| kyckling | n.masc | chicken | ASD | |
| kyp | n.masc | dyer's tub | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | cupa | n.fem | cask, vat, vessel | ASD |
| Late Latin: | cuppa | n.fem | cup | W7 |
| Middle Latin: | cuppa | n.fem | cup, vat, vessel | ASD |
| Spanish: | cuba | n.fem | cask for wine/oil | ASD |
| French: | cuve | n.fem | vat, vessel | ASD |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | γύπη | n | cave, den, hole | RPN |
| γῡρεύω | vb | to run around in a circle | RPN | |
| γῦρος | n | ring, circle | RPN | |
| γῡρός | adj | round | RPN | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | gulī | n | globe, pill | RPN |
| gola-ḥ | n | globe, ball, ball-shaped jar | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
