Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: glag-, or glak- 'milk'
Semantic Field(s): Milk
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | galaxias, galaxie | n | galaxy | W7 |
| letuse | n | lettuce | W7 | |
| English: | agalactia | n | non-secretion of breast milk after birth | AHD |
| galactic | adj | re: galaxy | AHD | |
| galacto- | pfx | galactic | AHD | |
| galaxy | n | Milky Way (our galaxy) | AHD/W7 | |
| lactate | vb.intrans | to secrete milk | AHD/W7 | |
| lacteal | adj | producing/resembling/consisting of milk | AHD/W7 | |
| lactescent | adj | becoming/appearing milky | AHD/W7 | |
| lettuce | n | leafy food vegetable | AHD/W7 | |
| polygala | n | milkwort | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | Galaxie | n.fem | galaxy | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | lac, lactis | n.neut | milk | LRC |
| lactescens, lactescentis | adj/vb.ptc | giving milk, turning into milk | W7 | |
| lactesco, lactescere | vb | to turn into milk | W7 | |
| lacteus | adj | of milk | W7 | |
| lacto, lactāre, latāvī, lactātus | vb | to give milk | W7 | |
| lactuca | n.fem | lettuce | W7 | |
| polygala | n.fem | polygala | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | galaxias | adj | milky | W7 |
| New Latin: | Polygala | n.fem | milkwort genus | W7 |
| Portuguese: | leite | n | milk | TLL |
| Spanish: | leche | n | milk | TLL |
| Old French: | laitue | n.fem | lettuce | W7 |
| French: | lait | n | milk | TLL |
| Italian: | latte | n | milk | TLL |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | γάλα, γάλακτος | n.neut | milk | LS/RPN |
| Greek: | agalaktia | n | agalactia | AHD |
| galaxias | adj | milky | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | galaktar, kalaktar | n.nom/acc.sg | balm, nutriment, soothing substance | RPN |
| gala(n)k-, kala(n)k- | vb | to soothe, satisfy | RPN | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Bashgali: | zu | n | milk | EIE |
| Ashkunu: | zō | n | milk | EIE |
| Tregami: | dzor | n | milk | EIE |
| Waigali: | zōr | n | milk | EIE |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | jálāṣa-ḥ | adj | healing, appeasing | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| nom | = | nominative (case) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| EIE | = | J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
