Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: gras- : grō̆s- 'to gnaw, eat, devour'
Semantic Field(s): to Eat
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | cresse | n | cress | W7 |
| English: | cress | n | plant in mustard family | AHD/W7 |
| epigastrium | n | epigastric region | AHD/W7 | |
| gangrene | n | death/decay of soft tissue from insufficient blood supply | AHD/W7 | |
| gastric | adj | re: stomach | AHD/W7 | |
| gastr(o)- | pfx | belly, stomach | AHD/W7 | |
| gastrocnemius | n | most prominent calf muscle | AHD | |
| gastrula | n | early metazoan embryo | AHD/W7 | |
| grama | n | a pasture grass | AHD/W7 | |
| gramineous | adj | re: grass | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | kressa | n | cress | W7 |
| German: | Kresse | n.fem | cress | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | gangraena | n.fem | gangrene | W7 |
| gramen, graminis | n.neut | grass, plant | W7 | |
| gramineus | adj | of grass | W7 | |
| New Latin: | epigastrium | adj.neut | over the belly | W7 |
| gastr- | pfx | belly, stomach | W7 | |
| gastrula | n.fem | early metazoan embryo | W7 | |
| Spanish: | grama | n | grama | W7 |
| Old French: | cærse | n.masc | cress | W7 |
| cressa | n.fem | cress | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | gangraina | n.fem | gangrene | W7 |
| gastēr | n.fem | stomach | W7 | |
| gran | vb | to gnaw | W7 | |
| epigastrion | adj.neut | over the belly | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
