Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ghabh- 'to take, grab, seize'
Semantic Field(s): to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | ga(i)bid | vb | to take, seize | GED/RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | æt-geofa, æt-gi(e)fa | n.masc | food-giver | ASD |
forgifan, forgeaf, forgēafon, forgiefen | vb.str.V | to give, grant | LRC | |
gafol, gafel, gaful | n.neut | gavel | ASD/W7 | |
gi(e)fan, geofan, giofan, gyfan | vb.str.V | to give | ASD/GED/RPN | |
giefu | n.str.fem | gift, favor; (name for) R-rune | LRC | |
Middle English: | able | adj | able | W7 |
bitakle | n | binnacle | W7 | |
debentur | n | debenture | W7 | |
debte, dette | n | debt | W7 | |
dever | n | duty | W7 | |
devoir | n | devoir | W7 | |
due | adj | due | W7 | |
duete | n | duty | W7 | |
endeveren | vb | to exert oneself | W7 | |
enhabiten | vb | to inhabit | W7 | |
exhibiten | vb | to exhibit | W7 | |
forgiven | vb | to forgive | W7 | |
gavel | n | gavel | W7 | |
gift | n | gift | W7 | |
given | vb | to give | W7 | |
habit | n | habit | W7 | |
inhibiten | vb | to inhibit | W7 | |
maladie | n | malady | W7 | |
prebende | n | prebend | W7 | |
prohibiten | vb | to prohibit | W7 | |
provender | n | provender | W7 | |
English: | able | adj | having sufficient skill/power/resources to accomplish goal | AHD/W7 |
binnacle | n | box/case/stand containing ship's lamp/compass | AHD/W7 | |
cohabit | vb.intrans | to live together like husband/wife | AHD/W7 | |
debenture | n | writing/certificate signed by public official as evidence of debt/rights to monetary sum | AHD/W7 | |
debit | n | record of indebtedness | AHD/W7 | |
debt | n | sin, trespass | AHD/W7 | |
devoir | n | duty, responsibility | AHD/W7 | |
due | adj | owed/owing as debt | AHD/W7 | |
duty | n | respect, conduct due to parents/superiors | AHD/W7 | |
endeavor | vb | to strive to reach/achieve | AHD/W7 | |
exhibit | vb | to present to view | AHD/W7 | |
forgive, forgave, forgiven | vb.str | to pardon, cease to feel resentment | AHD/W7 | |
gavel | n | rent/tribute in ancient/medieval England | AHD/W7 | |
gift | n | notable talent/capacity | AHD/W7 | |
give, gave, given | vb.str | to make present of | AHD/W7 | |
habile | adj | able, skillful | AHD/W7 | |
habit | n | clothing | AHD/W7 | |
habitable | adj | suitable for living in/on | AHD | |
habitant | n | inhabitant | AHD | |
habitat | n | place/site where plant/animal normally/naturally lives/grows | AHD/W7 | |
inhabit | vb | to live in, occupy as habitat/place of residence | AHD/W7 | |
inhabitant | n | one who inhabits (a place) | AHD | |
inhibit | vb | to forbid/prohibit from doing | AHD/W7 | |
malady | n | bodily disease/disorder of animal | AHD/W7 | |
prebend | n | endowment held by cathedral/collegiate church for maintenance | AHD/W7 | |
prohibit | vb.trans | to enjoin, forbid by authority | AHD/W7 | |
provender | n | feed, dry food for cattle/horses | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | geva, jeva | vb.str | to give | ASD/GED/RPN |
geve | n.str.fem | gift | GED | |
Dutch: | geven | vb | to give | LRC |
Old Saxon: | geƀa | n.str.fem | gift | GED |
geƀan | vb.str | to give | GED/RPN | |
Old High German: | geba | n.str.fem | gift | GED/RPN |
geban | vb.str | to give | GED/RPN | |
Middle High German: | gǣbe | n | welcome | GED |
German: | Gabe | n.fem | gift | LRC |
geben | vb | to give | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Runic: | *gebo | n | gift; (name for) G-rune | LRC |
gibu | vb.1.sg | I give | GED/RPN | |
Old Norse: | gefa | vb.str | to give | LRC |
gift | n | gift | W7 | |
Old Icelandic: | gjǫf | n.str.fem | gift | GED |
gæfa | n.fem | luck | GED | |
gæfr | adj | pleasant | GED | |
Icelandic: | gefa | vb | to give | ASD |
Danish: | give | vb | to give | LRC |
Old Swedish: | giva | vb | to give | W7 |
Swedish: | giva | vb | to give | LRC |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | fra-giban | vb.str.V | to give, bestow | LRC |
*fra-gifts | n | betrothal, presentation | RPN | |
gabei | n.fem | riches | GED/RPN | |
giban | vb.str.V | to give, yield | LRC | |
us-giban | vb.str.V | to repay, present | LRC | |
Italic | ||||
Umbrian: | habe | vb | to take, receive, have | RPN |
Latin: | debeo, debēre, debui, debitus | vb | to owe, have the duty of | W7 |
debitum | n.neut | debt, thing due | W7 | |
exhibeo, exhibēre, exhibui, exhibitus | vb | to show openly | W7 | |
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum | vb | to have, hold | GED/RPN | |
habilis, habilis, habile | adj | apt, fit, handy, skillful | W7 | |
habitaculum | n.neut | dwelling place | W7 | |
habito, habitare | vb | to dwell | W7 | |
habitus, habitūs | n.masc | condition, character | W7 | |
inhabito, inhabitare | vb | to inhabit | W7 | |
inhibeo, inhibēre, inhibui, inhibitus | vb | to hold back | W7 | |
praebendus | vb.ger.masc | things to be granted | W7 | |
praebeō, praebēre, praebuī, praebitus | vb | to offer, provide | LRC | |
prohibeo, prohibēre, prohibui, prohibitus | vb | to inhibit, hold away | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | debita | n.fem | debt | W7 |
Late Latin: | cohabito, cohabitāre | vb | to inhabit in common | W7 |
praebenda | n.fem | subsistence allowance granted by the state | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | praebenda | n.fem | prebend | W7 |
provenda | n.fem | food for domestic animals | W7 | |
Old Portuguese: | bitácola | n.fem | dwelling place | W7 |
Portuguese: | haver | vb | to have | TLL |
Old Spanish: | bitácula | n.fem | dwelling place | W7 |
Spanish: | gabela | n | tax, tribute | ASD |
haber | vb | to have | TLL | |
Old French: | dette | n.fem | something owed | W7 |
deveir, devoir | vb | to owe, be obliged | W7 | |
habit | n.masc | clothing | W7 | |
malade | adj | sick | W7 | |
maladie | n.fem | sickness | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | dueté | n.fem | duty | W7 |
Middle French: | able | adj | apt | W7 |
deu | vb.ptc | owed | W7 | |
devoir | vb | to owe | W7 | |
enhabiter | vb | to inhabit | W7 | |
prébende | n.fem | stipend of a clergyman | W7 | |
provende | n.fem | abundance | W7 | |
provendre | vb | to give to | W7 | |
French: | avoir | vb | to have | TLL |
gabelle | n | tax, tribute | ASD | |
habile | adj | skillful, clever | W7 | |
Italian: | avere | vb | to have | TLL |
gabella | n | tax, tribute | ASD | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | gãbana | n | armful (of hay) | GED/RPN |
gabanà | n | armful | GED/RPN | |
gabenù, gabénti | vb | to take away | GED | |
Iranian | ||||
Khotanese: | ggośtä | n | handful | RPN |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | gábhasti-ḥ | n | arm, hand | GED/RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
1 | = | 1st person |
V | = | class 5 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
ger | = | gerund(ive) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
ptc | = | participle |
sg | = | singular (number) |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |