Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: g̑hau-, g̑hau̯ə- 'to call'
Semantic Field(s): to Call, Summon
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gēac | n.masc | gawk; cuckoo | KEW |
| god | n.masc | god, deity | LRC | |
| godsunu | n.str.masc | godson | LRC | |
| gydig | adj | mad, possessed, giddy | W7 | |
| Middle English: | gidy | adj | mad, foolish, giddy | W7 |
| god | n | god | W7 | |
| English: | gawk | n | lout, fool, simpleton | W7 |
| giddy | adj | frivolous, lightheartedly silly | AHD/W7 | |
| god | n | being believed to have supernatural powers/attributes requiring mankind's worship | AHD/W7 | |
| godhead | n | divinity, divine nature/essence | AHD/W7 | |
| godsend | n | needed thing, desirable event | AHD/W7 | |
| gotterdammerung | n | turbulent end of regime/institution | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | god | n | god | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | god | n | god | ASD |
| Old High German: | got | n.masc | god | ASD/W7 |
| gouh | n | cuckoo | KDW | |
| German: | Gauch | n.masc | gawk; cuckoo | LRC |
| Gott | n.masc | god | ASD | |
| Götterdämmerung | n.fem | gotterdammerung, twilight of the gods | AHD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | gaukr | n.masc | cuckoo | KNW |
| goði | n.masc | chief (and priest) | LRC | |
| guð | n.neut | god | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | guð | n.masc | god | ASD |
| Danish: | gøg | n | cuckoo | TLL |
| Swedish: | gök | n | cuckoo | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | guþ | n.str.masc | god | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
